3rmy

Structural highlights

Function

BXD_CBDP Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by inhibiting neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) release from the presynaptic membranes of nerve terminals of the eukaryotic host skeletal and autonomic nervous system, with frequent heart or respiratory failure (PubMed:8175689, PubMed:16252491). Precursor of botulinum neurotoxin D for which a proteinaceous coreceptor is controversial. In double SV2A/SV2B knockout mice this toxin does not degrade its synaptobrevin target; introducing SV2A, SV2B or SV2C restores target cleavage (PubMed:21483489). Recognition of SV2 by this toxin does not occur via SV2 glycosylation or its large extracellular loop 4 (PubMed:21483489). Another group does not find a convincing interaction with SV2 (PubMed:21632541). Thus a protein receptor for this BoNT serotype has yet to be definitively proven. Recognizes at least 1 complex polysialylated ganglioside found on neural tissue. Electrical stimulation increases uptake of toxin in an ex vivo assay, presumably by transiently exposing a receptor usually found in eukaryotic target synaptic vesicles (PubMed:19650874, PubMed:21483489, PubMed:21632541). Upon synaptic vesicle recycling the toxin is taken up via the endocytic pathway; when the pH of the toxin-containing endosome drops a structural rearrangement occurs so that the N-terminus of the heavy chain (HC) forms pores that allows the light chain (LC) to translocate into the cytosol (By similarity). Once in the cytosol the disulfide bond linking the 2 subunits is reduced and LC cleaves its target protein on synaptic vesicles, preventing their fusion with the cytoplasmic membrane and thus neurotransmitter release (By similarity). Requires complex eukaryotic host polysialogangliosides for full neurotoxicity and for binding to neurons (PubMed:20704566, PubMed:21483489).[UniProtKB:P0DPI0]^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} Has proteolytic activity (PubMed:8175689, PubMed:8197120). After translocation into the eukaryotic host cytosol, inhibits neurotransmitter release by acting as a zinc endopeptidase that cleaves the '61-Lys-|-Leu-62' bond of synaptobrevin-1 (VAMP1), and the equivalent 'Lys-|-Leu' sites in VAMP2 and VAMP3 (PubMed:8175689). Cleaves the '49-Lys-|-Ile-50' bond of A.californica synaptobrevin (AC P35589) (PubMed:8197120). This chain probably has to be partially unfolded to translocate into the eukaryotic host cell cytosol (PubMed:15584922).^{[7] [8] [9]} Responsible for host epithelial cell transcytosis, host nerve cell targeting and translocation of light chain (LC) into eukaryotic host cell cytosol. Composed of 3 subdomains; the translocation domain (TD), and N-terminus and C-terminus of the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The RBD is responsible for the adherence of the toxin to the eukaryotic target cell surface. The N-terminus of the TD wraps an extended belt around the perimeter of the LC, protecting Zn(2+) in the active site; it may also prevent premature LC dissociation from the translocation channel and protect toxin prior to translocation (PubMed:17907800). The TD inserts into synaptic vesicle membrane to allow translocation into the host cytosol (By similarity). The RBD binds eukaryotic host phosphatidylethanolamine, which may serve as toxin receptor (PubMed:16115873). Treatment of synaptosomes with proteinase K does not reduce HC binding, suggesting there is no protein receptor or it is protected from extracellular proteases (PubMed:16115873). HC significantly decreases uptake and toxicity of whole BoNT/D (PubMed:19650874, PubMed:21483489). HC also interferes with uptake of tetanus toxin (PubMed:19650874). Has 2 closely located carbohydrate-binding receptor sites and binds at least 1 GT1b ganglioside (PubMed:20704566). Bind gangliosides in the order GD2 > GT1b > GD1b (PubMed:21632541). Interacts with eukaryotic target protein SV2B (synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B) (PubMed:21483489). Expression of SV2A, SV2B or SV2C in mice knocked-out for the SV2 proteins restores entry of BoNT/D and cleavage of VAMP2, suggesting SV2 acts as its receptor (PubMed:21483489). Unlike BoNT/A and BoNT/E, toxin uptake is not mediated by large extracellular loop 4 of SV2 (PubMed:21483489). Another group finds very poor interaction with SV2 proteins, suggesting the possible protein receptor may not have been identified (PubMed:21632541).[UniProtKB:P0DPI0]^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]}

See Also

• Botulinum neurotoxin 3D structures

References

1. ↑ Takeda M, Tsukamoto K, Kohda T, Matsui M, Mukamoto M, Kozaki S. Characterization of the neurotoxin produced by isolates associated with avian botulism. Avian Dis. 2005 Sep;49(3):376-81. PMID:16252491 doi:10.1637/7347-022305R1.1
2. ↑ Rummel A, Häfner K, Mahrhold S, Darashchonak N, Holt M, Jahn R, Beermann S, Karnath T, Bigalke H, Binz T. Botulinum neurotoxins C, E and F bind gangliosides via a conserved binding site prior to stimulation-dependent uptake with botulinum neurotoxin F utilising the three isoforms of SV2 as second receptor. J Neurochem. 2009 Sep;110(6):1942-54. PMID:19650874 doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06298.x
3. ↑ Strotmeier J, Lee K, Volker AK, Mahrhold S, Zong Y, Zeiser J, Zhou J, Pich A, Bigalke H, Binz T, Rummel A, Jin R. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype D attacks neurons via two carbohydrate binding sites in a ganglioside dependent manner. Biochem J. 2010 Aug 12. PMID:20704566 doi:10.1042/BJ20101042
4. ↑ Peng L, Tepp WH, Johnson EA, Dong M. Botulinum neurotoxin D uses synaptic vesicle protein SV2 and gangliosides as receptors. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Mar;7(3):e1002008. PMID:21483489 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002008
5. ↑ Kroken AR, Karalewitz AP, Fu Z, Kim JJ, Barbieri JT. Novel ganglioside-mediated entry of botulinum neurotoxin serotype D into neurons. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 1. PMID:21632541 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.254086
6. ↑ Yamasaki S, Baumeister A, Binz T, Blasi J, Link E, Cornille F, Roques B, Fykse EM, Südhof TC, Jahn R, et al.. Cleavage of members of the synaptobrevin/VAMP family by types D and F botulinal neurotoxins and tetanus toxin. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 29;269(17):12764-72 PMID:8175689
7. ↑ Yamasaki S, Baumeister A, Binz T, Blasi J, Link E, Cornille F, Roques B, Fykse EM, Südhof TC, Jahn R, et al.. Cleavage of members of the synaptobrevin/VAMP family by types D and F botulinal neurotoxins and tetanus toxin. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 29;269(17):12764-72 PMID:8175689
8. ↑ Yamasaki S, Hu Y, Binz T, Kalkuhl A, Kurazono H, Tamura T, Jahn R, Kandel E, Niemann H. Synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) of Aplysia californica: structure and proteolysis by tetanus toxin and botulinal neurotoxins type D and F. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 May 24;91(11):4688-92. PMID:8197120 doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.4688
9. ↑ Bade S, Rummel A, Reisinger C, Karnath T, Ahnert-Hilger G, Bigalke H, Binz T. Botulinum neurotoxin type D enables cytosolic delivery of enzymatically active cargo proteins to neurones via unfolded translocation intermediates. J Neurochem. 2004 Dec;91(6):1461-72. PMID:15584922 doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02844.x
10. ↑ Tsukamoto K, Kohda T, Mukamoto M, Takeuchi K, Ihara H, Saito M, Kozaki S. Binding of Clostridium botulinum type C and D neurotoxins to ganglioside and phospholipid. Novel insights into the receptor for clostridial neurotoxins. J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 21;280(42):35164-71. PMID:16115873 doi:10.1074/jbc.M507596200
11. ↑ Rummel A, Häfner K, Mahrhold S, Darashchonak N, Holt M, Jahn R, Beermann S, Karnath T, Bigalke H, Binz T. Botulinum neurotoxins C, E and F bind gangliosides via a conserved binding site prior to stimulation-dependent uptake with botulinum neurotoxin F utilising the three isoforms of SV2 as second receptor. J Neurochem. 2009 Sep;110(6):1942-54. PMID:19650874 doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06298.x
12. ↑ Strotmeier J, Lee K, Volker AK, Mahrhold S, Zong Y, Zeiser J, Zhou J, Pich A, Bigalke H, Binz T, Rummel A, Jin R. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype D attacks neurons via two carbohydrate binding sites in a ganglioside dependent manner. Biochem J. 2010 Aug 12. PMID:20704566 doi:10.1042/BJ20101042
13. ↑ Peng L, Tepp WH, Johnson EA, Dong M. Botulinum neurotoxin D uses synaptic vesicle protein SV2 and gangliosides as receptors. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Mar;7(3):e1002008. PMID:21483489 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002008
14. ↑ Kroken AR, Karalewitz AP, Fu Z, Kim JJ, Barbieri JT. Novel ganglioside-mediated entry of botulinum neurotoxin serotype D into neurons. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 1. PMID:21632541 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.254086
15. ↑ Brunger AT, Breidenbach MA, Jin R, Fischer A, Santos JS, Montal M. Botulinum neurotoxin heavy chain belt as an intramolecular chaperone for the light chain. PLoS Pathog. 2007 Sep 7;3(9):1191-4. PMID:17907800 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030113