Function
Endonuclease (ENN) cleaves phosphodiester bond within polynucleotide chain. ENN cleaves DNA at a restriction site which is usually a 6-nucleotide palindrome. ENN is restriction site–specific. Various types of ENN differ by their mechanism of action. ENN is used in genetic engineering to make recombinant DNA. ENN requires a restriction site and a cleavage pattern. ENN-I operates on DNA with separate restriction site and cleavage pattern, while ENN-II operates on overlapping restriction site and cleavage pattern. Some ENNs are encoded within introns thus facilitating their mobility. These ENNs or inteins are designated I-ENN[1].
The Cas ENN proteins are part of CRISPR/Cas prokaryotic immune system which confers protection from foreign genetic elements like viruses. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats) are DNA loci which are found in ca. 40% of the bacteria. The CRISPR/Cas system is being used lately as gene editing tool[2]. For more details see
Intron-encoded ENN or homing ENN are encoded by genes with mobile, self-splicing introns. They promote the movement of DNA sequences from one chromosome location to another[3].
See also
Relevance
Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutation in the recognition site of MstII ENN.
Disease
Mutation in UV-specific ENN causes Xeroderma pigmentosa. Mutations in tRNA-splicing ENN cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia.
Structural highlights
(PDB code 1rva).
3D structures of endonuclease
Endonuclease 3D structures