Interleukin-1 beta

Interleukin-1 beta(IL-1β)

IL-1β along with IL-1α cytokines secreted from local inflammatory cells, are belong to IL-1 family [1]. The former is dominate (90% of Interleukin-1) and the two cytokines could be distinguished by the cells with which they interact. IL-1β precursor(31KDa) need to be activated by protease (convertase or IL-1β converting enzyme [2]) to form IL-1 active species(17KDa) [3]. The active mature IL-1 cytokines could mediate a large range of biological activities such as innate and adaptive immunity as well as bio-components of the acute phase reaction, including the febrile response, secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACIH), and the synthesis of acute phase proteins.

Human Interleukin-1 Beta

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF IL-1β

The molecule contains 12 antiparallel β-strands. The molecule has internal pseudo threefold symmetry with the molecule representing a conical barrel with a shallow open face on one end and a closed face on the other. The amino and carboxy termini are located at the "open end" of the barrel and they are close to each other. 24 hydrophobic side chains are present in the inner surface of the barrel and polar residues are found to be exposed on both the ends of the barrel. More detail structure information could be found in reference [4].

are present in the 3D structure. In the picture we could see was colored as purple and was colored as blue, respectively. Most , which is dark red color, was buried inside of the protein.

TYPE-1 INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR COMPLEXED WITH INTERLEUKIN-1 BETA

Interleukin-1 receptor complex with ligand and go through the plasma membrane. 3D structure is showing here. Ribbon diagram of s-IL 1R complex to IL-1β. The complex has approximate dimensions of 97Å × 52Å ×35Å with one s-IL1R molecule wrapping around the IL-1β molecule with 1:1 ratio. In the , domain 3 provides a 'lid' which covers most of the top of the IL-1β β-barrel, whereas domains 1 and 2 from a groove which binds to the lower rim of the barrel [5]. Here, Domains 1,2 and 3 of s-IL 1R are colored light, medium and dark blue, respectively. IL-1β is yellow, with site A residues in green and site B residues in red. The structure is oriented so that the carboxy terminus of s-IL 1R and the cell membrane are at the bottom of the picture.

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERLEUKIN-1BETA SIGNALING COMPLEX

3D structure was showed here, and the cartoon (right) showed the formation of the ternary complex paradigm, the primary receptors (IL-1R) first bind their corresponding cytokine ligands (IL-1β) and then engage the accessory receptor (IL-1RAcP) (which is incapable of binding cytokines by itself). The overall ternary architecture of the IL-1β–IL-1RI–IL-1RAcP signaling complex has the cytoplasmic TIR domain necessary for signal transduction. The IL-1RI-IL-1RAcP interface was most hydrogen-bonded and signal was transferred through the highly packed hydrophobic region between receptor accessory and IL-1R liganded with IL-1β[6].

The dimer complex with conserved area was showed when you . The insert are ligands (IL-1β), which are present as conserved structure as well as green ribbon. The two IL-1Rs and two IL-1RAcPs are colored as purple and blue, respectively.

Clinical significance

Why are people interested in IL-1? Because IL-1 cytokines family are usually over-expressed at tumor sites or inflammatory, these cytokines could be used as bio-markers to help diagnose in advance. Also, since IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-1ra all have the ability to bind to the type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), and the binding of IL-1α or IL-1β to IL-1R is an early step in IL-1 signal transduction, blocking this interaction may therefore be a useful target for the development of new drugs [5]. For example, in this paper [7], the author therapeutically designed a superior cytokine antagonist (EBI-005, optimized receptor antagonist chimerized with IL-1β and IL-1Ra) for topical ophthalmic use.

Reference

[1] Carl J. March, Cloning, sequence and expression of two distinct human interleukin-1 complementary DNAs,Nature,1985,315,641-647.

[2] Cerretti DP,Molecular cloning of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme,Science,1992,256,97-100.

[3] Mizutani H, Rapid and specific conversion of precursor interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) to an active IL-1 species by human mast cell chymase.J Exp Med.,1991,174,821-825.

[4] B Veerapandian, Structure and function of interleukin-1, based on crystallographic and modeling studies,Biophys J.1992,62,112–115.

[5] Guy P. A. Vigers, Crystal structure of the type-I interleukin-1 receptor complexed with interleukin-1β,

Nature 1997,386,190-194.

[6] Christoph Thomas, Structure of the activating IL-1 receptor signaling complex,Nature Structural& Molecular Biology,2012,19,455–457.

[7] Hou J, Design of a superior cytokine antagonist for topical ophthalmic use,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2013,110,3913-3918.