Sandbox Reserved 1659

2022-01-18T15:53:04Z

Elsa Barbé:

<StructureSection load='2xl4' size='340' side='right' caption='Structure of LntA' scene=''>

=='''Generalities'''==

<table><tr><td colspan='3'> 
</td></tr><tr id='Name'><td class="sblockLbl">Name</td><td class="sblockDat">Listeria Nuclear Targeted Protein A</td></tr>
<tr id='Sources'><td class="sblockLbl">Sources</td><td class="sblockDat">Homo Sapiens, Humans</td></tr><tr id='Length'><td class="sblockLbl">Length</td><td class="sblockDat">271 amino acids</td></tr><tr id='Theoretical weight'><td class="sblockLbl">Theoretical weight</td><td class="sblockDat">30,1 KDa</td></tr><tr id='Biochemical function'><td class="sblockLbl">Biochemical function</td><td class="sblockDat">Signaling receptor activity</td></tr>
</table>

== '''LntA : a virulence factor''' ==

Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous Gram + bacteria and is the only kind of Listeria which is pathogenic for humans. In fact, it is responsible for the human listeriosis which can range from gastroenteritis to fatal meningitis [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/].The infection is caused by eating contaminated food such as raw sprouts, raw milk, smoked fish or soft cheese. It It is a rare but severe illness for pregnant women, elderly and immuno-compromised subjects with a death rate around 30%. During infection, the bacterium penetrates the cell and secretes multiple virulence factors that modulate the host's gene expression. LntA is one of these virulence factors and it targets Interferons-stimulated genes.[https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/BIORISK2016SA0081Fi.pdf]
While interferons (IFNs) are able to limit viral infections, their role in bacterial infection remains unclear. In the case of Listeria, the expression of interferons-stimulated-genes (ISG) enhances its pathogenicity. Lebreton et a.l solved the 3D structure of LntA by x-rays crystallography (PDBID: 2XL4) in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host's transcriptional machinery[https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.00775-13].

== '''Function''' ==
Once the bacterium reaches the host's cytoplasm, the expression of LntA is activated, the protein is excreted and addressed to the nucleus thanks to a peptide signal. Then, LntA interacts with the transcription factor [[BAHD1]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666599/]. In absence of infection, BAHD1 represses the expression of ISG by promoting the local formation of heterochromatin while the interaction of LntA with BAHD1 has the effect of removing the chromatin repressor from the host’s DNA. Therefore, L. monocytogenes virulence factor induces a strong interferon response which enhances its pathogenicity.
The mechanisms by which Listeria benefits from the synthesis of interferons are not fully understood. One hypothesis could be that Listeria monocytogenes takes advantage of the arrest of cellular-cycle induced by interferons. <ref>ROHDE JOHN R. Listeria unwinds host’s DNA. SCIENCE, 2011 : 1271-1272</ref> Indeed, this mechanism could be similar to those used by other pathogens such as Salmonella <ref>Winter SE, Thiennimitr P et al. Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for Salmonella. Nature. 2010</ref> or Yersinia <ref>Dewoody, R., Merritt, P.M., Houppert, A.S. and Marketon, M.M. (2011), YopK regulates the Yersinia pestis type III secretion system from within host cells. Molecular Microbiology, 79: 1445-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07534.x</ref> which are able to promote an inflammatory response in gut epithelium in order to facilitate their dissemination and colonization.
In addition, Lebreton et al showed that when listeria grows outside the cell, the transcription rate of LntA is almost null and that a constitutive expression of LntA has an antibacterial effect. Thus, the efficiency of LntA requires a precise temporal and quantitative regulation.

Key points about LntA: - Is a virulence factor of L. monocytogenes
- Interacts with BAHD1, a transcription factor, in the nucleus
- Remove the chromatin repressors from the host's DNA
- Triggers the formation of interferons

== '''Structure''' ==
LntA is a small basic protein of 9.7 kDa. This protein is highly conserved in L. monocytogenes and is absent in almost all non-pathogenic Listeria strains . This characteristic suggests that lntA plays a key role in Listeria’s virulence. The acidic part of LntA is composed of aspartic acid (<scene name='86/868192/Acidic/1'>17,8%</scene>) and the basic part is composed of lysine and arginine (<scene name='86/868192/Basic/1'>18,6%</scene>). LntA is composed of 5 alpha-helix, three of them are long antiparallel helix and can be seen as the core of the protein. The two remaining helix stick out the core. The 3 first helix are named <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h1/1'>H1</scene>, <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h2/1'>H2</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h3/1'>H3</scene>. The 2 others are <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h4ter/1'>H4</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h5/4'>H5</scene>. These residues located in these two helix display high RMSD values meaning that this region is likely to oscillate. The flexibility of H4 and H5 may have a role in the binding to BADH1. Furthermore, the Lysine 180 and 181 are placed on this H5 helix, and they are responsible for the ligation to BAHD1 so it can cause a conformational change. Many amino acids may be involved in the interaction of LntA with its ligand, such as BAHD1. A <scene name='86/868192/Dilysine/1'>dilysine motif located in the elbow region of lntA at position 180/181</scene> has proven to be essential for the interaction with the transcription factor BAHD1. Indeed, when this motif is substituted by two aspartic acid amino acids (K180D/K181D by mutation of LntA), a local redistribution of the charges is observed and lntA is not able anymore to interact with BAHD1. <ref> Lebreton A, Job V, Ragon M, Le Monnier A, Dessen A, Cossart P, Bierne H. 2014. Structural basis for the inhibition of the chromatin repressor BAHD1 by the bacterial nucleomodulin LntA </ref>
Third patch has other charged residues which are likely to play a role in the interaction but they are less conserved so they might not be absolutely essential to the formation of the BAHD1-lntA complex.
This protein can also be stabilized by glycerol molecules because they are hydrophobic and it prevents hydrolyzation. (green link)
Nevertheless, the structure of the complex LntA-BAHD1 is not resolved yet. <ref>Alice Lebreton. Régulations post-transcriptionnelles de l’expression génique de la cellule hôte en réponse à l’infection bactérienne. Sciences du Vivant, 2015</ref>

== '''Conclusion''' ==

The discovery of the LntA virulence factor shows that pathogenic bacteria can implement complex infectious strategies, requiring very precise temporal and quantitative regulation of the virulence factor delivery. Studies on virulence factors that target the nucleus can lead to the discovery of new mechanisms of gene expression regulation. And more importantly, the understanding these dialogs might allow new drug design and possibly a better support of the patients. Furthermore, the awareness of such mechanisms is very recent and raises many questions. For instance, it is still unclear whether the impact of lntA on gene expression is merely temporary or whether it leaves epigenetic marks over the long term.

</StructureSection>
== References ==
<references/>

Sandbox Reserved 1659

2022-01-18T15:52:05Z

Elsa Barbé:

<StructureSection load='2xl4' size='340' side='right' caption='Structure of LntA' scene=''>

=='''Generalities'''==

<table><tr><td colspan='3'> 
</td></tr><tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl">Gene</td><td class="sblockDat">NOTCH3</td></tr>
<tr id='Sources'><td class="sblockLbl">Sources</td><td class="sblockDat">Homo Sapiens, Humans</td></tr><tr id='Length'><td class="sblockLbl">Length</td><td class="sblockDat">271 amino acids</td></tr><tr id='Theoretical weight'><td class="sblockLbl">Theoretical weight</td><td class="sblockDat">30,1 KDa</td></tr><tr id='Biochemical function'><td class="sblockLbl">Biochemical function</td><td class="sblockDat">Signaling receptor activity</td></tr>
</table>

== '''LntA : a virulence factor''' ==

Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous Gram + bacteria and is the only kind of Listeria which is pathogenic for humans. In fact, it is responsible for the human listeriosis which can range from gastroenteritis to fatal meningitis [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/].The infection is caused by eating contaminated food such as raw sprouts, raw milk, smoked fish or soft cheese. It It is a rare but severe illness for pregnant women, elderly and immuno-compromised subjects with a death rate around 30%. During infection, the bacterium penetrates the cell and secretes multiple virulence factors that modulate the host's gene expression. LntA is one of these virulence factors and it targets Interferons-stimulated genes.[https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/BIORISK2016SA0081Fi.pdf]
While interferons (IFNs) are able to limit viral infections, their role in bacterial infection remains unclear. In the case of Listeria, the expression of interferons-stimulated-genes (ISG) enhances its pathogenicity. Lebreton et a.l solved the 3D structure of LntA by x-rays crystallography (PDBID: 2XL4) in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host's transcriptional machinery[https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.00775-13].

== '''Function''' ==
Once the bacterium reaches the host's cytoplasm, the expression of LntA is activated, the protein is excreted and addressed to the nucleus thanks to a peptide signal. Then, LntA interacts with the transcription factor [[BAHD1]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666599/]. In absence of infection, BAHD1 represses the expression of ISG by promoting the local formation of heterochromatin while the interaction of LntA with BAHD1 has the effect of removing the chromatin repressor from the host’s DNA. Therefore, L. monocytogenes virulence factor induces a strong interferon response which enhances its pathogenicity.
The mechanisms by which Listeria benefits from the synthesis of interferons are not fully understood. One hypothesis could be that Listeria monocytogenes takes advantage of the arrest of cellular-cycle induced by interferons. <ref>ROHDE JOHN R. Listeria unwinds host’s DNA. SCIENCE, 2011 : 1271-1272</ref> Indeed, this mechanism could be similar to those used by other pathogens such as Salmonella <ref>Winter SE, Thiennimitr P et al. Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for Salmonella. Nature. 2010</ref> or Yersinia <ref>Dewoody, R., Merritt, P.M., Houppert, A.S. and Marketon, M.M. (2011), YopK regulates the Yersinia pestis type III secretion system from within host cells. Molecular Microbiology, 79: 1445-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07534.x</ref> which are able to promote an inflammatory response in gut epithelium in order to facilitate their dissemination and colonization.
In addition, Lebreton et al showed that when listeria grows outside the cell, the transcription rate of LntA is almost null and that a constitutive expression of LntA has an antibacterial effect. Thus, the efficiency of LntA requires a precise temporal and quantitative regulation.

Key points about LntA: - Is a virulence factor of L. monocytogenes
- Interacts with BAHD1, a transcription factor, in the nucleus
- Remove the chromatin repressors from the host's DNA
- Triggers the formation of interferons

== '''Structure''' ==
LntA is a small basic protein of 9.7 kDa. This protein is highly conserved in L. monocytogenes and is absent in almost all non-pathogenic Listeria strains . This characteristic suggests that lntA plays a key role in Listeria’s virulence. The acidic part of LntA is composed of aspartic acid (<scene name='86/868192/Acidic/1'>17,8%</scene>) and the basic part is composed of lysine and arginine (<scene name='86/868192/Basic/1'>18,6%</scene>). LntA is composed of 5 alpha-helix, three of them are long antiparallel helix and can be seen as the core of the protein. The two remaining helix stick out the core. The 3 first helix are named <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h1/1'>H1</scene>, <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h2/1'>H2</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h3/1'>H3</scene>. The 2 others are <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h4ter/1'>H4</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h5/4'>H5</scene>. These residues located in these two helix display high RMSD values meaning that this region is likely to oscillate. The flexibility of H4 and H5 may have a role in the binding to BADH1. Furthermore, the Lysine 180 and 181 are placed on this H5 helix, and they are responsible for the ligation to BAHD1 so it can cause a conformational change. Many amino acids may be involved in the interaction of LntA with its ligand, such as BAHD1. A <scene name='86/868192/Dilysine/1'>dilysine motif located in the elbow region of lntA at position 180/181</scene> has proven to be essential for the interaction with the transcription factor BAHD1. Indeed, when this motif is substituted by two aspartic acid amino acids (K180D/K181D by mutation of LntA), a local redistribution of the charges is observed and lntA is not able anymore to interact with BAHD1. <ref> Lebreton A, Job V, Ragon M, Le Monnier A, Dessen A, Cossart P, Bierne H. 2014. Structural basis for the inhibition of the chromatin repressor BAHD1 by the bacterial nucleomodulin LntA </ref>
Third patch has other charged residues which are likely to play a role in the interaction but they are less conserved so they might not be absolutely essential to the formation of the BAHD1-lntA complex.
This protein can also be stabilized by glycerol molecules because they are hydrophobic and it prevents hydrolyzation. (green link)
Nevertheless, the structure of the complex LntA-BAHD1 is not resolved yet. <ref>Alice Lebreton. Régulations post-transcriptionnelles de l’expression génique de la cellule hôte en réponse à l’infection bactérienne. Sciences du Vivant, 2015</ref>

== '''Conclusion''' ==

The discovery of the LntA virulence factor shows that pathogenic bacteria can implement complex infectious strategies, requiring very precise temporal and quantitative regulation of the virulence factor delivery. Studies on virulence factors that target the nucleus can lead to the discovery of new mechanisms of gene expression regulation. And more importantly, the understanding these dialogs might allow new drug design and possibly a better support of the patients. Furthermore, the awareness of such mechanisms is very recent and raises many questions. For instance, it is still unclear whether the impact of lntA on gene expression is merely temporary or whether it leaves epigenetic marks over the long term.

</StructureSection>
== References ==
<references/>

File:Listeria flash.jpg

2022-01-18T15:51:56Z

Elsa Barbé:

Sandbox Reserved 1659

2022-01-18T15:37:50Z

Elsa Barbé:

<StructureSection load='2xl4' size='340' side='right' caption='Structure of LntA' scene=''>

== '''LntA : a virulence factor''' ==

Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous Gram + bacteria and is the only kind of Listeria which is pathogenic for humans. In fact, it is responsible for the human listeriosis which can range from gastroenteritis to fatal meningitis [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/].The infection is caused by eating contaminated food such as raw sprouts, raw milk, smoked fish or soft cheese. It It is a rare but severe illness for pregnant women, elderly and immuno-compromised subjects with a death rate around 30%. During infection, the bacterium penetrates the cell and secretes multiple virulence factors that modulate the host's gene expression. LntA is one of these virulence factors and it targets Interferons-stimulated genes.[https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/BIORISK2016SA0081Fi.pdf]
While interferons (IFNs) are able to limit viral infections, their role in bacterial infection remains unclear. In the case of Listeria, the expression of interferons-stimulated-genes (ISG) enhances its pathogenicity. Lebreton et a.l solved the 3D structure of LntA by x-rays crystallography (PDBID: 2XL4) in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host's transcriptional machinery[https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.00775-13].

== '''Function''' ==
Once the bacterium reaches the host's cytoplasm, the expression of LntA is activated, the protein is excreted and addressed to the nucleus thanks to a peptide signal. Then, LntA interacts with the transcription factor [[BAHD1]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666599/]. In absence of infection, BAHD1 represses the expression of ISG by promoting the local formation of heterochromatin while the interaction of LntA with BAHD1 has the effect of removing the chromatin repressor from the host’s DNA. Therefore, L. monocytogenes virulence factor induces a strong interferon response which enhances its pathogenicity.
The mechanisms by which Listeria benefits from the synthesis of interferons are not fully understood. One hypothesis could be that Listeria monocytogenes takes advantage of the arrest of cellular-cycle induced by interferons. <ref>ROHDE JOHN R. Listeria unwinds host’s DNA. SCIENCE, 2011 : 1271-1272</ref> Indeed, this mechanism could be similar to those used by other pathogens such as Salmonella <ref>Winter SE, Thiennimitr P et al. Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for Salmonella. Nature. 2010</ref> or Yersinia <ref>Dewoody, R., Merritt, P.M., Houppert, A.S. and Marketon, M.M. (2011), YopK regulates the Yersinia pestis type III secretion system from within host cells. Molecular Microbiology, 79: 1445-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07534.x</ref> which are able to promote an inflammatory response in gut epithelium in order to facilitate their dissemination and colonization.
In addition, Lebreton et al showed that when listeria grows outside the cell, the transcription rate of LntA is almost null and that a constitutive expression of LntA has an antibacterial effect. Thus, the efficiency of LntA requires a precise temporal and quantitative regulation.

Key points about LntA: - Is a virulence factor of L. monocytogenes
- Interacts with BAHD1, a transcription factor, in the nucleus
- Remove the chromatin repressors from the host's DNA
- Triggers the formation of interferons

== '''Structure''' ==
LntA is a small basic protein of 9.7 kDa. This protein is highly conserved in L. monocytogenes and is absent in almost all non-pathogenic Listeria strains . This characteristic suggests that lntA plays a key role in Listeria’s virulence. The acidic part of LntA is composed of aspartic acid (<scene name='86/868192/Acidic/1'>17,8%</scene>) and the basic part is composed of lysine and arginine (<scene name='86/868192/Basic/1'>18,6%</scene>). LntA is composed of 5 alpha-helix, three of them are long antiparallel helix and can be seen as the core of the protein. The two remaining helix stick out the core. The 3 first helix are named <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h1/1'>H1</scene>, <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h2/1'>H2</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h3/1'>H3</scene>. The 2 others are <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h4ter/1'>H4</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h5/4'>H5</scene>. These residues located in these two helix display high RMSD values meaning that this region is likely to oscillate. The flexibility of H4 and H5 may have a role in the binding to BADH1. Furthermore, the Lysine 180 and 181 are placed on this H5 helix, and they are responsible for the ligation to BAHD1 so it can cause a conformational change. Many amino acids may be involved in the interaction of LntA with its ligand, such as BAHD1. A <scene name='86/868192/Dilysine/1'>dilysine motif located in the elbow region of lntA at position 180/181</scene> has proven to be essential for the interaction with the transcription factor BAHD1. Indeed, when this motif is substituted by two aspartic acid amino acids (K180D/K181D by mutation of LntA), a local redistribution of the charges is observed and lntA is not able anymore to interact with BAHD1. <ref> Lebreton A, Job V, Ragon M, Le Monnier A, Dessen A, Cossart P, Bierne H. 2014. Structural basis for the inhibition of the chromatin repressor BAHD1 by the bacterial nucleomodulin LntA </ref>
Third patch has other charged residues which are likely to play a role in the interaction but they are less conserved so they might not be absolutely essential to the formation of the BAHD1-lntA complex.
This protein can also be stabilized by glycerol molecules because they are hydrophobic and it prevents hydrolyzation. (green link)
Nevertheless, the structure of the complex LntA-BAHD1 is not resolved yet. <ref>Alice Lebreton. Régulations post-transcriptionnelles de l’expression génique de la cellule hôte en réponse à l’infection bactérienne. Sciences du Vivant, 2015</ref>

== '''Conclusion''' ==

The discovery of the LntA virulence factor shows that pathogenic bacteria can implement complex infectious strategies, requiring very precise temporal and quantitative regulation of the virulence factor delivery. Studies on virulence factors that target the nucleus can lead to the discovery of new mechanisms of gene expression regulation. And more importantly, the understanding these dialogs might allow new drug design and possibly a better support of the patients. Furthermore, the awareness of such mechanisms is very recent and raises many questions. For instance, it is still unclear whether the impact of lntA on gene expression is merely temporary or whether it leaves epigenetic marks over the long term.

</StructureSection>
== References ==
<references/>

Sandbox Reserved 1659

2022-01-18T15:37:45Z

Elsa Barbé:

<StructureSection load='2xl4' size='340' side='right' caption='Structure of LntA' scene=''>

== '''LntA (Listeria nuclear targeted protein A) : a virulence factor''' ==

Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous Gram + bacteria and is the only kind of Listeria which is pathogenic for humans. In fact, it is responsible for the human listeriosis which can range from gastroenteritis to fatal meningitis [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/].The infection is caused by eating contaminated food such as raw sproyts, raw milk, smoked fish or soft cheese. It It is a rare but severe illness for pregnant women, elderly and immuno-compromised subjects with a death rate around 30%. During infection, the bacterium penetrates the cell and secretes multiple virulence factors that modulate the host's gene expression. LntA is one of these virulence factors and it targets Interferons-stimulated genes.[https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/BIORISK2016SA0081Fi.pdf]
While interferons (IFNs) are able to limit viral infections, their role in bacterial infection remains unclear. In the case of Listeria, the expression of interferons-stimulated-genes (ISG) enhances its pathogenicity. Lebreton et a.l solved the 3D structure of LntA by x-rays crystallography (PDBID: 2XL4) in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host's transcriptional machinery[https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.00775-13].

== '''Function''' ==
Once the bacterium reaches the host's cytoplasm, the expression of LntA is activated, the protein is excreted and addressed to the nucleus thanks to a peptide signal. Then, LntA interacts with the transcription factor [[BAHD1]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666599/]. In absence of infection, BAHD1 represses the expression of ISG by promoting the local formation of heterochromatin while the interaction of LntA with BAHD1 has the effect of removing the chromatin repressor from the host’s DNA. Therefore, L. monocytogenes virulence factor induces a strong interferon response which enhances its pathogenicity.
The mechanisms by which Listeria benefits from the synthesis of interferons are not fully understood. One hypothesis could be that Listeria monocytogenes takes advantage of the arrest of cellular-cycle induced by interferons. <ref>ROHDE JOHN R. Listeria unwinds host’s DNA. SCIENCE, 2011 : 1271-1272</ref> Indeed, this mechanism could be similar to those used by other pathogens such as Salmonella <ref>Winter SE, Thiennimitr P et al. Gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for Salmonella. Nature. 2010</ref> or Yersinia <ref>Dewoody, R., Merritt, P.M., Houppert, A.S. and Marketon, M.M. (2011), YopK regulates the Yersinia pestis type III secretion system from within host cells. Molecular Microbiology, 79: 1445-1461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07534.x</ref> which are able to promote an inflammatory response in gut epithelium in order to facilitate their dissemination and colonization.
In addition, Lebreton et al showed that when listeria grows outside the cell, the transcription rate of LntA is almost null and that a constitutive expression of LntA has an antibacterial effect. Thus, the efficiency of LntA requires a precise temporal and quantitative regulation.

Key points about LntA: - Is a virulence factor of L. monocytogenes
- Interacts with BAHD1, a transcription factor, in the nucleus
- Remove the chromatin repressors from the host's DNA
- Triggers the formation of interferons

== '''Structure''' ==
LntA is a small basic protein of 9.7 kDa. This protein is highly conserved in L. monocytogenes and is absent in almost all non-pathogenic Listeria strains . This characteristic suggests that lntA plays a key role in Listeria’s virulence. The acidic part of LntA is composed of aspartic acid (<scene name='86/868192/Acidic/1'>17,8%</scene>) and the basic part is composed of lysine and arginine (<scene name='86/868192/Basic/1'>18,6%</scene>). LntA is composed of 5 alpha-helix, three of them are long antiparallel helix and can be seen as the core of the protein. The two remaining helix stick out the core. The 3 first helix are named <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h1/1'>H1</scene>, <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h2/1'>H2</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h3/1'>H3</scene>. The 2 others are <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h4ter/1'>H4</scene> and <scene name='86/868192/Helix_h5/4'>H5</scene>. These residues located in these two helix display high RMSD values meaning that this region is likely to oscillate. The flexibility of H4 and H5 may have a role in the binding to BADH1. Furthermore, the Lysine 180 and 181 are placed on this H5 helix, and they are responsible for the ligation to BAHD1 so it can cause a conformational change. Many amino acids may be involved in the interaction of LntA with its ligand, such as BAHD1. A <scene name='86/868192/Dilysine/1'>dilysine motif located in the elbow region of lntA at position 180/181</scene> has proven to be essential for the interaction with the transcription factor BAHD1. Indeed, when this motif is substituted by two aspartic acid amino acids (K180D/K181D by mutation of LntA), a local redistribution of the charges is observed and lntA is not able anymore to interact with BAHD1. <ref> Lebreton A, Job V, Ragon M, Le Monnier A, Dessen A, Cossart P, Bierne H. 2014. Structural basis for the inhibition of the chromatin repressor BAHD1 by the bacterial nucleomodulin LntA </ref>
Third patch has other charged residues which are likely to play a role in the interaction but they are less conserved so they might not be absolutely essential to the formation of the BAHD1-lntA complex.
This protein can also be stabilized by glycerol molecules because they are hydrophobic and it prevents hydrolyzation. (green link)
Nevertheless, the structure of the complex LntA-BAHD1 is not resolved yet. <ref>Alice Lebreton. Régulations post-transcriptionnelles de l’expression génique de la cellule hôte en réponse à l’infection bactérienne. Sciences du Vivant, 2015</ref>

== '''Conclusion''' ==

The discovery of the LntA virulence factor shows that pathogenic bacteria can implement complex infectious strategies, requiring very precise temporal and quantitative regulation of the virulence factor delivery. Studies on virulence factors that target the nucleus can lead to the discovery of new mechanisms of gene expression regulation. And more importantly, the understanding these dialogs might allow new drug design and possibly a better support of the patients. Furthermore, the awareness of such mechanisms is very recent and raises many questions. For instance, it is still unclear whether the impact of lntA on gene expression is merely temporary or whether it leaves epigenetic marks over the long term.

</StructureSection>
== References ==
<references/>