{{Template:Sandbox_Reserved_JMeans}}


<StructureSection load='1fv2' size='500' side='right' caption='Structure of tetanus toxin Hc fragment complexed with a synthetic GT1b analogue (PDB entry [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1FV2 1fv2])' scene=''>

== Tetanospasmin (Tetanus Neurotoxin)(TeNT) ==
<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/1'>Secondary Structure</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site_2/2'>Both Binding sites</scene></StructureSection>

== ''Clostidium tetani'' ==
[[Image:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Mechanism of Action for Tetanospasmin.<ref> Mechanism of Action of Tetanospasmin (Dr. Arnab K Rana) [image on the internet]. 2005[updated 2005 Dec 26; cited 2011 Apr 20]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.gif</ref>]]

The gram positive bacilli ''Clostridium tetani'' is the bacteria responsible for the disease state of tetanus. The presence of the bacteria does not cause the disease but instead the toxins it produces cause the disease state. ''C. tetani''produces two toxins; tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Tetanolysin is a cytolysin that increases the permeability of cellular membranes through cell lysis.<ref> PMID: 2404569</ref> Tetanospasmin is the cause of tetanus and is sometimes referred to as tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), as it acts on the central nervous system. Tetanospasmin makes its way to the central nervous system via retrograde axonal flow beginning with α- motor neurons found in muscle and ending by binding to gangliosides found in the central nervous system.<ref> Bizzini B. Tetanus Toxin. Microbiological Reviews.1979 June;43(2):224-236.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281472/pdf/microrev00006-0112.pdf?tool=pmcentrez]</ref>

== Gangliosides ==

Gangliosides are in the category of glycosphingolipids and are found predominately in neuronal tissues. Gangliosides consist of sialic acid linked to a sugar (glucose, galactose, GalNAc, GlcNAc and/or fructose) backbone attached to a ceramide base. These gangliosides make up approximately 10% of a neuron’s total lipid content and like other lipids functions in cell signal transduction.<ref>PMID: 16158191 </ref>

== Tetanospasmin (TeNT) ==

Tetanospasmin is a 150-kDa toxin that is composed of one light chain (50-kDa) and one heavy chain (100-kDa). The light chain is responsible for the toxicity of the molecule, whereas the heavy chain is responsible for binding the toxin to the axonal membranes. The heavy chain can also be cleaved into 2 fragments Hn and Hc. The HN fragment is responsible for the translocation of the light chain across the axonal membrane, whereas the Hc fragment binds to the axonal membrane.<ref> PMID:19602728</ref>

== Hc and Ganglioside Interaction ==

[[Image:TeNT.jpg|thumb|350px|left|An overlap of three copies of the TeNT HC structure. This image helps to illustrate the two separte and distinct domains of the Hc fragment of tetanospasmin.<ref name="hcfrag" />]]

Hc has two distinct domains:<ref name="hcfrag"> PMID:11418600</ref>

1. Jelly-roll (amino end)

2. β-Trefoil (carboxyl end)

Studies have shown that the β-trefoil domain contains the ganglioside binding sites.<ref name="hcfrag" />

Binding studies have shown that a particular ganglioside, GT1-b, is necessary for the binding of the Hc fragment of tetanospasmin (TeNT). An analogue of the GT1-b ganglioside was made in order to increase solubility because a crystal structure of the Hc and native GT1-b could not be obtained.

[[Image:GT1-b ganglioside.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Ganglioside GT1-b.<ref name="hcfrag" />]]

The Hc fragment has two binding sites in the β-trefoil domain:<ref name="hcfrag" />

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>'''

At this site a narrow groove is formed where a number of hydrogen bonds can form.<ref name="hcfrag" />

Common hydrogen bonds are formed between the side chain of His1271 and OH-6, OH-4 and O-5 of Gal4 and between the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Thr1270 and OH-4 of Gal4. GalNAc3 interacts via a hydrogen bond between OH-4 andAsp1222 OD and between OH-4 and His1271. Ring stacking involving galactose also occurs in this site.

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>'''

At this site a shallow pocket is formed where hydrogen bonding occurs.<ref name="hcfrag" />

Commonly hydrogen bonds form between OD-1 and OD-2 of Asp1147 and O-4 and the acetamido-N-5 of Sia6 and between ND-2 of Asn1216 and O-10 of Sia6. A salt bridge also forms between Arg1226 and the sialic acid of Sia7, also the carboxylate group and hydrogen bonds between O-1A and the amide NH of Asn1216; between O-4 and the carbonyl oxygen of Asp1214; and betweenOH-8 and Tyr1229 hydroxyl group on Sia7.

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site/1'>TextToBeDisplayed</scene>

==References==

<references />

File:TeNT.jpg

2011-04-21T17:50:28Z

File:GT1-b ganglioside.jpg

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This image was extracted from THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 276, No. 34, Issue of August 24, pp. 32274–32281, 2001.

Article title: The Crystal Structure of Tetanus Toxin Hc Fragment Complexed with a Synthetic GT1b Analogue Suggests Cross-linking between Ganglioside Receptors and the Toxin.

Authors: Constantina Fotinou‡, Paul Emsley‡, Isobel Black‡, Hiromune Ando§, Hideharu Ishida§, Makoto Kiso§, Katharine A. Sinha¶, Neil F. Fairweather¶, and Neil W. Isaacs‡�

From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, the §Department of Applied
Bio-organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu 501–1193, Japan, and the ¶Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of
Science and Technology Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

PMID: 11418600

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2011-04-21T17:27:19Z

Jonathan G. Casto:

{{Template:Sandbox_Reserved_JMeans}}


<StructureSection load='1fv2' size='500' side='right' caption='Structure of tetanus toxin Hc fragment complexed with a synthetic GT1b analogue (PDB entry [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1FV2 1fv2])' scene=''>

== Tetanospasmin (Tetanus Neurotoxin)(TeNT) ==
<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/1'>Secondary Structure</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site_2/2'>Both Binding sites</scene></StructureSection>

== ''Clostidium tetani'' ==
[[Image:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Mechanism of Action for Tetanospasmin.<ref> Mechanism of Action of Tetanospasmin (Dr. Arnab K Rana) [image on the internet]. 2005[updated 2005 Dec 26; cited 2011 Apr 20]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.gif</ref>]]

The gram positive bacilli ''Clostridium tetani'' is the bacteria responsible for the disease state of tetanus. The presence of the bacteria does not cause the disease but instead the toxins it produces cause the disease state. ''C. tetani''produces two toxins; tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Tetanolysin is a cytolysin that increases the permeability of cellular membranes through cell lysis.<ref> PMID: 2404569</ref> Tetanospasmin is the cause of tetanus and is sometimes referred to as tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), as it acts on the central nervous system. Tetanospasmin makes its way to the central nervous system via retrograde axonal flow beginning with α- motor neurons found in muscle and ending by binding to gangliosides found in the central nervous system.<ref> Bizzini B. Tetanus Toxin. Microbiological Reviews.1979 June;43(2):224-236.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281472/pdf/microrev00006-0112.pdf?tool=pmcentrez]</ref>

== Gangliosides ==

Gangliosides are in the category of glycosphingolipids and are found predominately in neuronal tissues. Gangliosides consist of sialic acid linked to a sugar (glucose, galactose, GalNAc, GlcNAc and/or fructose) backbone attached to a ceramide base. These gangliosides make up approximately 10% of a neuron’s total lipid content and like other lipids functions in cell signal transduction.<ref>PMID: 16158191 </ref>

== Tetanospasmin (TeNT) ==

Tetanospasmin is a 150-kDa toxin that is composed of one light chain (50-kDa) and one heavy chain (100-kDa). The light chain is responsible for the toxicity of the molecule, whereas the heavy chain is responsible for binding the toxin to the axonal membranes. The heavy chain can also be cleaved into 2 fragments Hn and Hc. The HN fragment is responsible for the translocation of the light chain across the axonal membrane, whereas the Hc fragment binds to the axonal membrane.<ref> PMID:19602728</ref>

== Hc and Ganglioside Interaction ==

Hc has two distinct domains:<ref name="hcfrag"> PMID:11418600</ref>

1. Jelly-roll (amino end)

2. β-Trefoil (carboxyl end)

Studies have shown that the β-trefoil domain contains the ganglioside binding sites.<ref name="hcfrag" />

Binding studies have shown that a particular ganglioside, GT1-b, is necessary for the binding of the Hc fragment of tetanospasmin (TeNT). An analogue of the GT1-b ganglioside was made in order to increase solubility because a crystal structure of the Hc and native GT1-b could not be obtained.

The Hc fragment has two binding sites in the β-trefoil domain:<ref name="hcfrag" />

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>'''

At this site a narrow groove is formed where a number of hydrogen bonds can form.<ref name="hcfrag" />

Common hydrogen bonds are formed between the side chain of His1271 and OH-6, OH-4 and O-5 of Gal4 and between the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Thr1270 and OH-4 of Gal4. GalNAc3 interacts via a hydrogen bond between OH-4 andAsp1222 OD and between OH-4 and His1271. Ring stacking involving galactose also occurs in this site.

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>'''

At this site a shallow pocket is formed where hydrogen bonding occurs.<ref name="hcfrag" />

Commonly hydrogen bonds form between OD-1 and OD-2 of Asp1147 and O-4 and the acetamido-N-5 of Sia6 and between ND-2 of Asn1216 and O-10 of Sia6. A salt bridge also forms between Arg1226 and the sialic acid of Sia7, also the carboxylate group and hydrogen bonds between O-1A and the amide NH of Asn1216; between O-4 and the carbonyl oxygen of Asp1214; and betweenOH-8 and Tyr1229 hydroxyl group on Sia7.

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site/1'>TextToBeDisplayed</scene>

==References==

<references />

Sandbox Reserved 403

2011-04-21T17:06:25Z

Jonathan G. Casto:

{{Template:Sandbox_Reserved_JMeans}}


<StructureSection load='1fv2' size='500' side='right' caption='Structure of tetanus toxin Hc fragment complexed with a synthetic GT1b analogue (PDB entry [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1FV2 1fv2])' scene=''>

== Tetanospasmin (Tetanus Neurotoxin)(TeNT) ==
<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/1'>Secondary Structure</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site_2/2'>Both Binding sites</scene></StructureSection>

== ''Clostidium tetani'' ==
[[Image:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.jpg|thumb|350px|left|structure of chlorophyll ''a'']]

The gram positive bacilli ''Clostridium tetani'' is the bacteria responsible for the disease state of tetanus. The presence of the bacteria does not cause the disease but instead the toxins it produces cause the disease state. ''C. tetani''produces two toxins; tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Tetanolysin is a cytolysin that increases the permeability of cellular membranes through cell lysis.<ref> PMID: 2404569</ref> Tetanospasmin is the cause of tetanus and is sometimes referred to as tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), as it acts on the central nervous system. Tetanospasmin makes its way to the central nervous system via retrograde axonal flow beginning with α- motor neurons found in muscle and ending by binding to gangliosides found in the central nervous system.<ref> Bizzini B. Tetanus Toxin. Microbiological Reviews.1979 June;43(2):224-236.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281472/pdf/microrev00006-0112.pdf?tool=pmcentrez]</ref>

== Gangliosides ==

Gangliosides are in the category of glycosphingolipids and are found predominately in neuronal tissues. Gangliosides consist of sialic acid linked to a sugar (glucose, galactose, GalNAc, GlcNAc and/or fructose) backbone attached to a ceramide base. These gangliosides make up approximately 10% of a neuron’s total lipid content and like other lipids functions in cell signal transduction.<ref>PMID: 16158191 </ref>

== Tetanospasmin (TeNT) ==

Tetanospasmin is a 150-kDa toxin that is composed of one light chain (50-kDa) and one heavy chain (100-kDa). The light chain is responsible for the toxicity of the molecule, whereas the heavy chain is responsible for binding the toxin to the axonal membranes. The heavy chain can also be cleaved into 2 fragments Hn and Hc. The HN fragment is responsible for the translocation of the light chain across the axonal membrane, whereas the Hc fragment binds to the axonal membrane.<ref> PMID:19602728</ref>

== Hc and Ganglioside Interaction ==

Hc has two distinct domains:

1. Jelly-roll (amino end)

2. β-Trefoil (carboxyl end)

Studies have shown that the β-trefoil domain contains the ganglioside binding sites.

Binding studies have shown that a particular ganglioside, GT1-b, is necessary for the binding of the Hc fragment of tetanospasmin (TeNT).

An analogue of the GT1-b ganglioside was made in order to increase solubility because a crystal structure of the Hc and native GT1-b could not be obtained.

The Hc fragment has two binding sites in the β-trefoil domain:

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>'''

At this site a narrow groove is formed where a number of hydrogen bonds can form.
Common hydrogen bonds are formed between the side chain of His1271 and OH-6, OH-4 and O-5 of Gal4 and between the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Thr1270 and OH-4 of Gal4. GalNAc3 interacts via a hydrogen bond between OH-4 andAsp1222 OD and between OH-4 and His1271. Ring stacking involving galactose also occurs in this site.

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>'''

At this site a shallow pocket is formed where hydrogen bonding occurs.
Commonly hydrogen bonds form between OD-1 and OD-2 of Asp1147 and O-4 and the acetamido-N-5 of Sia6 and between ND-2 of Asn1216 and O-10 of Sia6. A salt bridge also forms between Arg1226 and the sialic acid of Sia7, also the carboxylate group and hydrogen bonds between O-1A and the amide NH of Asn1216; between O-4 and the carbonyl oxygen of Asp1214; and betweenOH-8 and Tyr1229 hydroxyl group on Sia7.<ref>PMID: 11418600 </ref>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site/1'>TextToBeDisplayed</scene>

==References==

<references />

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2011-04-20T21:19:50Z

Jonathan G. Casto:

{{Template:Sandbox_Reserved_JMeans}}


<StructureSection load='1fv2' size='500' side='right' caption='Structure of tetanus toxin Hc fragment complexed with a synthetic GT1b analogue (PDB entry [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1FV2 1fv2])' scene=''>
== Tetanospasmin(Tetanus Neurotoxin(TeNT) ==
<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/1'>Secondary Structure</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site_2/2'>Both Binding sites</scene></StructureSection>

== Clostidium tetani ==
[[Image:Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.jpg|thumb|350px|left|structure of chlorophyll ''a'']]

The gram positive bacilli Clostridium tetani is the bacteria responsible for the disease state of tetanus. The presence of the bacteria does not cause the disease but instead the toxins it produces cause the disease state. C. tetani produces two toxins; tetanospasmin and tetanolysin. Tetanolysin is a cytolysin that increases the permeability of cellular membranes through cell lysis.<ref> PMID: 2404569</ref> Tetanospasmin is the cause of tetanus and is sometimes referred to as tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), as it acts on the central nervous system. Tetanospasmin makes its way to the central nervous system via retrograde axonal flow beginning with α- motor neurons found in muscle and ending by binding to gangliosides found in the central nervous system.<ref> Bizzini B. Tetanus Toxin. Microbiological Reviews.1979 June;43(2):224-236.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC281472/pdf/microrev00006-0112.pdf?tool=pmcentrez]</ref>

== Gangliosides ==

Gangliosides are in the category of glycosphingolipids and are found predominately in neuronal tissues. Gangliosides consist of sialic acid linked to a sugar (glucose, galactose, GalNAc, GlcNAc and/or fructose) backbone attached to a ceramide base. These gangliosides make up approximately 10% of a neuron’s total lipid content and like other lipids functions in cell signal transduction.<ref>PMID: 16158191 </ref>

== Tetanospasmin (TeNT) ==

Tetanospasmin is a 150-kDa toxin that is composed of one light chain (50-kDa) and one heavy chain (100-kDa). The light chain is responsible for the toxicity of the molecule, whereas the heavy chain is responsible for binding the toxin to the axonal membranes. The heavy chain can also be cleaved into 2 fragments Hn and Hc. The HN fragment is responsible for the translocation of the light chain across the axonal membrane, whereas the Hc fragment binds to the axonal membrane.<ref> PMID:19602728</ref>

== Hc and Ganglioside Interaction ==

Hc has two distinct domains:

1. Jelly-roll (amino end)

2. β-Trefoil (carboxyl end)

Studies have shown that the β-trefoil domain contains the ganglioside binding sites.

Binding studies have shown that a particular ganglioside, GT1-b, is necessary for the binding of the Hc fragment of tetanospasmin (TeNT).

An analogue of the GT1-b ganglioside was made in order to increase solubility because a crystal structure of the Hc and native GT1-b could not be obtained.

The Hc fragment has two binding sites in the β-trefoil domain:

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Secondary_structure/2'>The Gal-GalNAc-binding site</scene>'''

At this site a narrow groove is formed where a number of hydrogen bonds can form.
Common hydrogen bonds are formed between the side chain of His1271 and OH-6, OH-4 and O-5 of Gal4 and between the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Thr1270 and OH-4 of Gal4. GalNAc3 interacts via a hydrogen bond between OH-4 andAsp1222 OD and between OH-4 and His1271. Ring stacking involving galactose also occurs in this site.

'''<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Sia7-sia6-binding_site/2'>The Sia7-Sia6 binding site</scene>'''

At this site a shallow pocket is formed where hydrogen bonding occurs.
Commonly hydrogen bonds form between OD-1 and OD-2 of Asp1147 and O-4 and the acetamido-N-5 of Sia6 and between ND-2 of Asn1216 and O-10 of Sia6. A salt bridge also forms between Arg1226 and the sialic acid of Sia7, also the carboxylate group and hydrogen bonds between O-1A and the amide NH of Asn1216; between O-4 and the carbonyl oxygen of Asp1214; and betweenOH-8 and Tyr1229 hydroxyl group on Sia7.<ref>PMID: 11418600 </ref>

<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_403/Binding_site/1'>TextToBeDisplayed</scene>

==References==

<references />

2011-04-18T04:42:24Z

Jonathan G. Casto:

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Jonathan G. Casto:

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2011-04-18T04:37:40Z

Jonathan G. Casto:

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2011-04-18T04:36:31Z

Jonathan G. Casto:

2011-04-18T04:20:24Z

Jonathan G. Casto: