https://proteopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Kaela+BerneckyProteopedia - User contributions [en]2026-10-07T02:37:50ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.8https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445830Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:36:20Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div><Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Function in animal cells== <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, in animal cells GAPDH is used to convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehyrogenase into 1,3-bisphosphoglyerate with a cofacter NAD getting converted to NADH. <br />
== Funtion in Plant cells==<br />
In plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> Of the isoforms in plants gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_binding_sa/1'>GAPA subunit</scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>. This binding site is believe to be the same site as the NAD cofactor in glycolysis <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. The GAPA subunits contain binding the binding sites for NAD and salicylic acid, while the GAPB subutis work to regulate the GAPA binding sites<ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445829Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:35:28Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div><Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Function in animal cells== <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, in animal cells GAPDH is used to convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehyrogenase into 1,3-bisphosphoglyerate with a cofacter NAD getting converted to NADH. <br />
== Funtion in Plant cells==<br />
In plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> Of the isoforms in plants gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_binding_sa/1'>GAPA subunit</scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>. This binding site is believe to be the same site as the NAD cofactor in glycolysis <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. The GAPA subunits contain binding the binding sites for NAD and salicylic acid, while the GAPB subutis work to regulate the GAPA binding sites<ref name= "Zaffagnini el al"/>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445828Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:32:39Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div><Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Function in animal cells== <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, in animal cells GAPDH is used to convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehyrogenase into 1,3-bisphosphoglyerate with a cofacter NAD getting converted to NADH. <br />
== Funtion in Plant cells==<br />
In plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> Of the isoforms in plants gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_binding_sa/1'>GAPA subunit</scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>. This binding site is believe to be the same site as the NAD cofactor in glycolysis <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. The GAPA subunits contain binding site, while the GAPB subutis work to regulate the GAPA binding sites.<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445827Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:28:02Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div><Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Function in animal cells== <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, in animal cells GAPDH is used to convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehyrogenase into 1,3-bisphosphoglyerate with a cofacter NAD getting converted to NADH. <br />
== Funtion in Plant cells==<br />
In plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> Of the isoforms in plants gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_binding_sa/1'>GAPA subunit</scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>. This binding site is believe to be the same site as the NAD cofactor in glycolysis <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445826Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:16:35Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div><Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, while in plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_binding_sa/1'>GAPA subunit</scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445825Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:15:44Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, while in plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_binding_sa/1'>GAPA subunit</scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445824Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T15:12:20Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, while in plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the GAPA subunit</scene></scene> <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445823Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T14:39:51Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, while in plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
==Signaling==<br />
GAPDPH is used for cell signaling in both plants and animal cells. In plant cells salicylic acid can bind to the GAPA subunit <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"> Pokotylo I, Hellal D, Bouceba T, Hernandez-Martinez M, Kravets V, Leitao L, Espinasse C, Kleiner I, Ruelland E. Deciphering the Binding of Salicylic Acid to Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplastic GAPDH-A1. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30;21(13):4678. doi: 10.3390/ijms21134678. Erratum in: Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 09;21(20):E7435. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207435. PMID: 32630078; PMCID: PMC7370300.</ref>. Salicylic acid initiates metabolic changes in plants depending on what it binds to <ref name= "Pokotylo et al"/>.<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445822Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T14:27:46Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
GAPDH is a ubiquitous protein found in all organisms that undergo glyclolysis.There is only one isoform of GAPDH in animal cells, while in plant cells there are four gapA,gapB, gapC, and gapCp. <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"> Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Costa A, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Plant cytoplasmic GAPDH: redox post-translational modifications and moonlighting properties. Front Plant Sci. 2013 Nov 12;4:450. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00450. PMID: 24282406; PMCID: PMC3824636.</ref> gapA and gapB produce the enzymes GAPA and GAPB used in the Calvin cycle <ref name= "Zaffagnini et al"/>. The Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
== Regulatory proteins ==<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445821Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-10T13:59:44Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase (PKR) and a small chloroplast protein (CP12). This complex keeps the Calvin cycle light dependent <ref name= "Howard TP et al"/><br />
<br />
<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445788Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-08T17:18:30Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340. <br />
</ref>. CP12 is a linker protein that forms a complex with GAPDH and PRK and is regulated by oxidation <ref name="Delobel et al">Delobel A, Graciet E, Andreescu S, Gontero B, Halgand F, Laprévote O. Mass spectrometric analysis of the interactions between CP12, a chloroplast protein, and metal ions: a possible regulatory role within a PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(22):3379-88. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2192. PMID: 16259044.</ref>In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4445787Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-08T17:06:02Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a <scene name='11/1108575/Aysmetric_unit/1'>homotetramer</scene> of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444245Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T19:03:35Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the Calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals, GAPDH research is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatment <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444244Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T19:01:57Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is a protein found in most living organisms that undergo glycolysis or the calvin cycle. GAPDH research in plants focuses on crop growth and yield, while in animals GAPDH reseach is focused on disease. GAPDH is involved with immune response and cell death <ref name="Zhou et al/> GAPDH is used in autoimmune research, because it is associated with inflammation and it is a rate limiting enzyme when glycolysis is increased <ref name= "Zhou et al"/>.<br />
<br />
Recent plant research being conducted, focuses on increasing crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>. <br />
<br />
A recent study using a plant sesterterpenoid irreversibly binding to GAPDH found that GAPDH levels would diminish, which would be beneficial for an autoimmune treatement <ref name="Zhou et al> Zhou TT, Zheng Y, Zhang MW, Gong LH, Guo K, He XP, Liu YC, Gershenzon J, Liu Y, Li SH. Plant defense-directed discovery of a natural anti-psoriasis agent targeting GAPDH. Sci Adv. 2025 Jul 25;11(30):eadw2578. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2578. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 40712011; PMCID: PMC12292834.</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444243Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:37:02Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>.GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/> <br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444242Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:35:08Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>.<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>.GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/> <br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444241Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:33:28Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='GAPDH AB' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"/>.GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/> <br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444240Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:26:06Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .<br />
<br />
This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>. The binding site for NAD has been experimentally predicted at Cys200 of GAPA using a mutation for alanine <ref name="Fermani et al"> Fermani S, Sparla F, Marri L, Thumiger A, Pupillo P, Falini G, Trost P. Structure of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (isoform A4) from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with NAD. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2010 Jun 1;66(Pt 6):621-6. doi: 10.1107/S1744309110013527. Epub 2010 May 25. PMID: 20516587; PMCID: PMC2882757.</ref>. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444239Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:10:06Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .<br />
<br />
This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444238Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:09:20Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .<br />
<br />
This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."/>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444237Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T18:03:09Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .<br />
<br />
This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <ref name="Marotta et al"/>.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444236Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T17:59:47Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .<br />
<br />
This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>. GAPDH can be inhibited by the oxidation of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_cysteines/1'>cysteines</scene> found in the C-terminal <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444235Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T17:35:14Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .<br />
<br />
This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. In the dimer form, GAPDH is regulated by C-terminal extension of the B subunits. <ref name="Marotta et al"/> These C-terminal extensions work like hooks to block the binding sites in the B subunits, but leave the A subunits open.<ref name="Marotta et al/>.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH from plants can have a quaternary structure composed of two dimers or a homotetramer of A chains.<ref name="Marotta et al"> Marotta R, Del Giudice A, Gurrieri L, Fanti S, Swuec P, Galantini L, Falini G, Trost P, Fermani S, Sparla F. Unravelling the regulation pathway of photosynthetic AB-GAPDH. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2022 Nov 1;78(Pt 11):1399-1411. doi: 10.1107/S2059798322010014. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36322422</ref> <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444234Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T16:59:43Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref> .This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <br />
<ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref>. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants. <ref name="Howard TP et al"> Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins.<ref name="Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA."> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444233Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-04T16:26:43Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> <ref> (Howard TP et al)</ref>(4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants<ref> Howard TP et al</ref> (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444180Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T20:19:25Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Small chloroplast protein' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444179Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T20:17:59Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12)<Structure load='2LJ9' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Insert caption here' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444178Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T20:13:11Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_fa/1'>FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444177Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T20:10:26Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains FA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444176Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T20:07:18Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains FA and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb_chain_f/1'>F</scene> while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444175Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T19:57:32Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPB has the chains FA and F while GAPA has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_chain_e/1'>E</scene>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444173Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T19:54:21Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPA has the chains FA and F while GAPB has the chains <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa_ea/1'>EA</scene> and E. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444172Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T19:49:30Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH has a quaternary structure composed of two dimers. <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. GAPA has the chains FA and F while GAPB has the chains EA and E. <br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444171Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T19:18:19Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<Structure load='2PKQ' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='GAPDH' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /><br />
<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444170Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T18:41:13Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4).<br />
<br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444169Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T18:38:51Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of <scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene> and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.<br />
<br />
</scene><scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene><br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444168Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-05-03T16:27:30Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and <scene name='11/1108575/Gapb/1'>GAPB</scene> <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.<br />
<br />
</scene><scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene><br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444107Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-30T17:43:35Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins <ref>doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and GAPB <ref> doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256</ref>.<br />
<br />
</scene><scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene><br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444106Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-30T17:38:51Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
This is a default text for your page '''Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &lt; and &gt; signs.<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3).This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins (3). <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and GAPB (3).<br />
<br />
</scene><scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene><br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444105Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-30T17:37:42Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
This is a default text for your page '''Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &lt; and &gt; signs.<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3).This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins (3). <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and GAPB (3).<br />
<br />
</scene><scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene><br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
== References ==GAPA</scene><br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444104Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-30T17:31:50Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
This is a default text for your page '''Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &lt; and &gt; signs.<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3).This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins (3). <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA</scene> and GAPB (3).<br />
<br />
</scene><scene name='11/1108575/Gapa/1'>GAPA</scene><br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
== References ==GAPA</scene><br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4444101Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-30T15:33:31Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
This is a default text for your page '''Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &lt; and &gt; signs.<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3).This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (4). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
Mutations of GAPDH B subunit can cause decreased levels of photosynthesis in plants (4). <br />
== Relevance == <br />
GAPDH is important for crop growth and yield. Research is being conducted to increase crop growth by altering the GAPDH proteins (3). <br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and GAPB (3).<br />
<br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
3. Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
4.Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4441670Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-28T18:23:47Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
This is a default text for your page '''Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &lt; and &gt; signs.<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (2).This enzyme is found in the chloroplasts of plants and forms a complex with phosphoribulokinase and a small chloroplast protein (CP12) (3). <br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
associated with cancer<br />
== Relevance == <br />
an important enzyme in glyclolysis<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and GAPB (2).<br />
<br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
(2) Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.<br />
(3) Howard TP, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase. J Exp Bot. 2011 Jul;62(11):3799-805. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err057. Epub 2011 Apr 15. PMID: 21498632; PMCID: PMC3134340.</div>Kaela Berneckyhttps://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Kaela_Bernecky/Sandbox1.&diff=4441669Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.2026-04-28T18:17:38Z<p>Kaela Bernecky: Initial page on GAPDH</p>
<hr />
<div>==Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (maybe something like 'Structure')==<br />
<StructureSection load='2PKQ' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''><br />
This is a default text for your page '''Kaela Bernecky/Sandbox1.'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &lt; and &gt; signs.<br />
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue.<br />
<br />
== Function == <br />
In the Calvin-Bensson-Basham cycle, it converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (2).<br />
<br />
<br />
== Disease ==<br />
associated with cancer<br />
== Relevance == <br />
an important enzyme in glyclolysis<br />
<br />
== Structural highlights ==<br />
GAPDH found in plants is a dimer of GAPA and GAPB (2).<br />
<br />
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_coloerd/1'>color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name='10/1070530/1stp_transparency/1'>a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br />
<br />
</StructureSection><br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
(2) Simkin AJ, Alqurashi M, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Headland LR, Raines CA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits A and B are essential to maintain photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiol. 2023 Aug 3;192(4):2989-3000. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad256. PMID: 37099455; PMCID: PMC11025378.</div>Kaela Bernecky