https://proteopedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Maaz+Majid 2026-09-23T18:03:12Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Uricase_(Urate_Oxidase)&diff=2896080 2018-05-03T17:57:09Z

<p>Maaz Majid: New page: &lt;scene name=&#039;77/778332/1vax/1&#039;&gt; Uricase (Urate Oxidase)&lt;/scene&gt; ==Uricase== &lt;StructureSection load=&#039;1stp&#039; size=&#039;340&#039; side=&#039;right&#039; caption=&#039;Caption for this structure&#039; scene=&#039;&#039;&gt; Uricase is ...</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt; Uricase (Urate Oxidase)&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists of a copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. <br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without a functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or bone erosion could occur when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after corticosteroids have been taken. <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. One of the four identical subunits of the enzyme can be viewed &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vaxsubunit/1'&gt;here&lt;/scene&gt;. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; This specific enzyme is found in Aspergillus flavus which is a type of bacteria. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Hossain, et al. “Crystal Structure of Uricase from Arthrobacter Globiformis.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/1vax.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896079 2018-05-03T17:46:51Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists of a copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. <br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without a functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or bone erosion could occur when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after corticosteroids have been taken. <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. One of the four identical subunits of the enzyme can be viewed &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vaxsubunit/1'&gt;here&lt;/scene&gt;. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; This specific enzyme is found in Aspergillus flavus which is a type of bacteria. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Hossain, et al. “Crystal Structure of Uricase from Arthrobacter Globiformis.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/1vax.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896078 2018-05-03T17:41:35Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. One of the four identical subunits of the enzyme can be viewed &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vaxsubunit/1'&gt;here&lt;/scene&gt;. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; This specific enzyme is found in Aspergillus flavus which is a type of bacteria. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Hossain, et al. “Crystal Structure of Uricase from Arthrobacter Globiformis.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/1vax.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896037 2018-05-03T14:47:43Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; This specific enzyme is found in Aspergillus flavus which is a type of bacteria. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Hossain, et al. “Crystal Structure of Uricase from Arthrobacter Globiformis.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/1vax.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896036 2018-05-03T14:47:00Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; This specific enzyme is found in Aspergillus flavus which is a type of bacteria. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Hossain, et al. “Crystal Structure of Uricase from Arthrobacter Globiformis.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/1vax.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896033 2018-05-03T14:38:15Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; This specific enzyme is found in Aspergillus flavus which is a type of bacteria. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896030 2018-05-03T14:34:47Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;Arg/Glu 176 and Gln 228.&lt;/scene&gt; Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2896028 2018-05-03T14:33:51Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax_substrate_binding/1'&gt;&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Arg/Glu 176&lt;/scene&gt; and &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Gln 228&lt;/scene&gt;.&lt;/scene&gt; Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Gabison, et al. “Near-Atomic Resolution Structures of Urate Oxidase Complexed with Its Substrate and Analogues: the Protonation State of the Ligand.” Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.D, www.rcsb.org/structure/3L8W.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2895913 2018-05-02T19:37:31Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Arg 176&lt;/scene&gt; and &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Gln 228&lt;/scene&gt;. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2895912 2018-05-02T19:35:59Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Text To Be Displayed&lt;/scene&gt;{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;Arg 176&lt;/scene&gt; and Gln 228. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2895911 2018-05-02T19:33:48Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by Arg 176 and Gln 228. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> Bonifacio, and Vicente. “Uric Acid and Evolution | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 13 July 2010, academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/49/11/2010/1785765.<br /> <br /> Kratzer, James T., et al. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 11 Mar. 2014, www.pnas.org/content/111/10/3763.short.<br /> <br /> Ortlund, E.o., and M.n. Murphy. “Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases.” Evolutionary History and Metabolic Insights of Ancient Mammalian Uricases, 2014, doi:10.2210/pdb4mb8/pdb.</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2892893 2018-04-28T21:48:08Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Uricase is a hepatic enzyme meaning it is located in the liver and converts uric acid into allantoin. Allantoin is more efficiently excreted by the kidney because of how water soluble it is. However, in humans, a frameshift mutation during evolution affected the activity of the gene that encodes for uricase.<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by Arg 176 and Gln 228. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2892892 2018-04-28T21:29:22Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Put basic info about uricase here<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> Uricase is mainly located in the liver where it forms an elctron dense crystalline core in peroxisomes. It is a tetramer of identical subunits each containing copper binding sites. X-ray crystallography shows that uric acid binds to the active site as a monoanion and is deprotonated as a dianion which is then stabilized by Arg 176 and Gln 228. Uricase can be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Oxonate competitively inhibits uricase.<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2892891 2018-04-28T21:16:12Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Put basic info about uricase here<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase. The detailed mechanism consists or this copper binding enzyme catalyzing the oxidation or uric acid to .5-hydroxyisourate and hydrogen peroxide followed by the hydrolysis and decarboxylation leading to the formation of the desired product, allantoin. Allantoin is significantly more water soluble than uric acid and easily excreted in urine.<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> == Cure ==<br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2892890 2018-04-28T21:02:23Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Put basic info about uricase here<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> <br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks. Corticosteroids can also be taken by mouth or injected into an inflamed joint to relieve the pain and swelling of an acute gout attack. Corticosteroids and adrenocorticotropic hormones usually start working within 24 hours after you begin taking them.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2892889 2018-04-28T20:59:42Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Put basic info about uricase here<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> <br /> Uric acid is a waste material made by the breakdown of purines. Purines are found in foods high in protein. Gout occurs when uric acid accumulates which happens when there is more intake of uric acid than excreted uric acid. This leads to acute gout. The immune system recognizes it as a foreign product and attacks it. This will then lead to inflammation. The joint could be damaged or there could be bone erosion when the join is attacked.<br /> <br /> There are many natural treatment options which include a decrease of purine intake, exercise, decrease smoking and alcohol intake, use of cherry juice (eliminate excess uric acid in blood). Another type of treatment available is gout therapy and medication. Pegloticase is a porcine uricase which is approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with gout. It must be administered by intravenous infusion every two weeks.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2892886 2018-04-28T20:48:17Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Put basic info about uricase here<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> If there is some damage to uricase or if it is absent in the body, it may be detrimental. Without functioning uricase, there will be an excess amount of insoluble uric acid in the body which leads to a disease called gout. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The acid forms needle-like crystals in joints and causes sudden, severe episodes of pain, redness, and swelling.<br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1446&diff=2892884 2018-04-28T20:35:32Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> Uricase<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='4ej4' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778326/Polyubiquitin/1'&gt;Polyubiquitin&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778326/Acetylcholine_receptor/1'&gt;Acetylcholine Structure&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> <br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> <br /> This is a sample scene created with SAT to &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/1&quot;&gt;color&lt;/scene&gt; by Group, and another to make &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/2&quot;&gt;a transparent representation&lt;/scene&gt; of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885459 2018-04-11T19:55:16Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> Put basic info about uricase here<br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885455 2018-04-11T19:53:35Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase&lt;/scene&gt; without a ligand.<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885452 2018-04-11T19:52:54Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> This is&lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;uricase without a ligand.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> You can view uricase with a ligand&lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;here.&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885447 2018-04-11T19:51:24Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> You can view the &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;protein&lt;/scene&gt; with a ligand<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885442 2018-04-11T19:45:31Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> You can view the &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;protein&lt;/scene&gt; with a ligand<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885440 2018-04-11T19:45:18Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Uricase)==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> You can view the &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;protein&lt;/scene&gt; with a ligand<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885436 2018-04-11T19:38:37Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Your Heading Here (maybe something like 'Structure')==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> You can view the &lt;scene name='77/778332/4mb8/1'&gt;protein&lt;/scene&gt; with a ligand<br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885431 2018-04-11T19:34:16Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Your Heading Here (maybe something like 'Structure')==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> You can view the enzyme &lt;scene name='77/778332/2yze/1'&gt;with a ligand&lt;/scene&gt; and without a ligand here.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885423 2018-04-11T19:27:59Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Your Heading Here (maybe something like 'Structure')==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> It is an enzyme that converts uric acid to allantoin. Allantoin is much more soluble than uric acid, and passes harmlessly from the body. Unfortunately, during evolution, humans have lost the ability to produce uricase (also called urate oxidase).<br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> This is a sample scene created with SAT to &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/1&quot;&gt;color&lt;/scene&gt; by Group, and another to make &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/2&quot;&gt;a transparent representation&lt;/scene&gt; of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1452&diff=2885416 2018-04-11T19:21:57Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Your Heading Here (maybe something like 'Structure')==<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> <br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> &lt;scene name='77/778332/1vax/1'&gt;This is the protein without a ligand&lt;/scene&gt;<br /> This is a sample scene created with SAT to &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/1&quot;&gt;color&lt;/scene&gt; by Group, and another to make &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/2&quot;&gt;a transparent representation&lt;/scene&gt; of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1446&diff=2866479 2018-03-07T21:03:43Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> Uricase<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> <br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> <br /> This is a sample scene created with SAT to &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/1&quot;&gt;color&lt;/scene&gt; by Group, and another to make &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/2&quot;&gt;a transparent representation&lt;/scene&gt; of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1446&diff=2866477 2018-03-07T20:59:34Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> Uricase<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> <br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> <br /> This is a sample scene created with SAT to &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/1&quot;&gt;color&lt;/scene&gt; by Group, and another to make &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/2&quot;&gt;a transparent representation&lt;/scene&gt; of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Sandbox_Reserved_1446&diff=2866476 2018-03-07T20:59:08Z

<p>Maaz Majid: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Sandbox_Reserved_Telford2018}}&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD YOUR CONTENT BELOW HERE --&gt;<br /> ==Your Heading Here (maybe something like 'Structure')== Uricase<br /> &lt;StructureSection load='1stp' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''&gt;<br /> This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the &amp;lt; and &amp;gt; signs.<br /> You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia &lt;ref&gt;DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024&lt;/ref&gt; or to the article describing Jmol &lt;ref&gt;PMID:21638687&lt;/ref&gt; to the rescue.<br /> <br /> Uricase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion or uric acid to allantoin. Uric acid is<br /> an acidic waste product that your body passes through urine. It is a normal byproduct of the<br /> breakdown of foods that contain purines. Normally, the kidneys filter out uric acid from your<br /> blood; if too much builds up, it can lower the pH of your blood and urine and lead to a painful<br /> joint condition called gout and other complications. The reason I chose uricase is because it<br /> monitors the uric acid levels in our body. Interestingly, humans have naturally selected to<br /> terminate uricase. Because of the absence of uricase in humans, we may go through many<br /> complications caused by uric acid build up. Scientists are studying why natural selection would<br /> allow the accumulation of uric acid even though there are psychological complications of<br /> crystalized monosodium urate acutely causing liver and kidney damage or chronically causing<br /> gout.<br /> <br /> == Function ==<br /> <br /> == Disease ==<br /> <br /> == Relevance ==<br /> <br /> == Structural highlights ==<br /> <br /> This is a sample scene created with SAT to &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/1&quot;&gt;color&lt;/scene&gt; by Group, and another to make &lt;scene name=&quot;/12/3456/Sample/2&quot;&gt;a transparent representation&lt;/scene&gt; of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.<br /> <br /> &lt;/StructureSection&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;</div>

Maaz Majid