| Structural highlights
Disease
ATRX_HUMAN Defects in ATRX are the cause of alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) [MIM:301040. ATR-X is an X-linked disorder comprising severe psychomotor retardation, facial dysmorphism, urogenital abnormalities, and alpha-thalassemia. An essential phenotypic trait are hemoglobin H erythrocyte inclusions.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Defects in ATRX are the cause of mental retardation syndromic X-linked with hypotonic facies syndrome type 1 (MRXSHF1) [MIM:309580; also called Carpenter-Waziri syndrome (CWS), Juberg-Marsidi syndrome (JMS), Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome type 1 (SFM1). Clinical features include severe mental retardation, dysmorphic facies, and a highly skewed X-inactivation pattern in carrier women. Other more variable features include hypogonadism, deafness, renal anomalies, and mild skeletal defects.[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Defects in ATRX are a cause of alpha-thalassemia myelodysplasia syndrome (ATMDS) [MIM:300448. In this disorder, alpha-thalassemia occurs as an acquired abnormality in association with a multilineage myelodysplasia.[17]
Function
DAXX_HUMAN Transcription corepressor known to repress transcriptional potential of several sumoylated transcription factors. Acts as an adapter protein in a MDM2-DAXX-USP7 complex by regulating the RING-finger E3 ligase MDM2 ubiquitination activity. Under non-stress condition, in association with the deubiquitinating USP7, prevents MDM2 self-ubiquitination and enhances the intrinsic E3 ligase activity of MDM2 towards TP53, thereby promoting TP53 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Upon DNA damage, its association with MDM2 and USP7 is disrupted, resulting in increased MDM2 autoubiquitination and consequently, MDM2 degradation, which leads to TP53 stabilization. Proposed to mediate activation of the JNK pathway and apoptosis via MAP3K5 in response to signaling from TNFRSF6 and TGFBR2. Interaction with HSPB1/HSP27 may prevent interaction with TNFRSF6 and MAP3K5 and block DAXX-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, in lymphoid cells JNC activation and TNFRSF6-mediated apoptosis may not involve DAXX. Seems to regulate transcription in PML/POD/ND10 nuclear bodies together with PML and may influence TNFRSF6-dependent apoptosis thereby. Down-regulates basal and activated transcription. Seems to act as a transcriptional corepressor and inhibits PAX3 and ETS1 through direct protein-protein interaction. Modulates PAX5 activity. Its transcription repressor activity is modulated by recruiting it to subnuclear compartments like the nucleolus or PML/POD/ND10 nuclear bodies through interactions with MCSR1 and PML, respectively.[18] [19] [20] [21] ATRX_HUMAN Could be a global transcriptional regulator. Modifies gene expression by affecting chromatin. May be involved in brain development and facial morphogenesis.
See Also
References
- ↑ Picketts DJ, Higgs DR, Bachoo S, Blake DJ, Quarrell OW, Gibbons RJ. ATRX encodes a novel member of the SNF2 family of proteins: mutations point to a common mechanism underlying the ATR-X syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Dec;5(12):1899-907. PMID:8968741
- ↑ Gibbons RJ, Picketts DJ, Villard L, Higgs DR. Mutations in a putative global transcriptional regulator cause X-linked mental retardation with alpha-thalassemia (ATR-X syndrome). Cell. 1995 Mar 24;80(6):837-45. PMID:7697714
- ↑ Villard L, Lacombe D, Fontes M. A point mutation in the XNP gene, associated with an ATR-X phenotype without alpha-thalassemia. Eur J Hum Genet. 1996;4(6):316-20. PMID:9043863
- ↑ Gibbons RJ, Bachoo S, Picketts DJ, Aftimos S, Asenbauer B, Bergoffen J, Berry SA, Dahl N, Fryer A, Keppler K, Kurosawa K, Levin ML, Masuno M, Neri G, Pierpont ME, Slaney SF, Higgs DR. Mutations in transcriptional regulator ATRX establish the functional significance of a PHD-like domain. Nat Genet. 1997 Oct;17(2):146-8. PMID:9326931 doi:10.1038/ng1097-146
- ↑ Fichera M, Romano C, Castiglia L, Failla P, Ruberto C, Amata S, Greco D, Cardoso C, Fontes M, Ragusa A. New mutations in XNP/ATR-X gene: a further contribution to genotype/phenotype relationship in ATR/X syndrome. Mutations in brief no. 176. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(3):214. PMID:10660327
- ↑ Lossi AM, Millan JM, Villard L, Orellana C, Cardoso C, Prieto F, Fontes M, Martinez F. Mutation of the XNP/ATR-X gene in a family with severe mental retardation, spastic paraplegia and skewed pattern of X inactivation: demonstration that the mutation is involved in the inactivation bias. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Aug;65(2):558-62. PMID:10417298 doi:10.1086/302499
- ↑ Villard L, Bonino MC, Abidi F, Ragusa A, Belougne J, Lossi AM, Seaver L, Bonnefont JP, Romano C, Fichera M, Lacombe D, Hanauer A, Philip N, Schwartz C, Fontes M. Evaluation of a mutation screening strategy for sporadic cases of ATR-X syndrome. J Med Genet. 1999 Mar;36(3):183-6. PMID:10204841
- ↑ Wada T, Kubota T, Fukushima Y, Saitoh S. Molecular genetic study of japanese patients with X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X). Am J Med Genet. 2000 Sep 18;94(3):242-8. PMID:10995512
- ↑ Yntema HG, Poppelaars FA, Derksen E, Oudakker AR, van Roosmalen T, Jacobs A, Obbema H, Brunner HG, Hamel BC, van Bokhoven H. Expanding phenotype of XNP mutations: mild to moderate mental retardation. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Jul 1;110(3):243-7. PMID:12116232 doi:10.1002/ajmg.10446
- ↑ Badens C, Martini N, Courrier S, DesPortes V, Touraine R, Levy N, Edery P. ATRX syndrome in a girl with a heterozygous mutation in the ATRX Zn finger domain and a totally skewed X-inactivation pattern. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Oct 15;140(20):2212-5. PMID:16955409 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31400
- ↑ Villard L, Fontes M, Ades LC, Gecz J. Identification of a mutation in the XNP/ATR-X gene in a family reported as Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Mar 6;91(1):83-5. PMID:10751095
- ↑ Villard L, Gecz J, Mattei JF, Fontes M, Saugier-Veber P, Munnich A, Lyonnet S. XNP mutation in a large family with Juberg-Marsidi syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996 Apr;12(4):359-60. PMID:8630485 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0496-359
- ↑ Abidi F, Schwartz CE, Carpenter NJ, Villard L, Fontes M, Curtis M. Carpenter-Waziri syndrome results from a mutation in XNP. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Jul 30;85(3):249-51. PMID:10398237
- ↑ Stevenson RE, Abidi F, Schwartz CE, Lubs HA, Holmes LB. Holmes-Gang syndrome is allelic with XLMR-hypotonic face syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Oct 23;94(5):383-5. PMID:11050622
- ↑ Leahy RT, Philip RK, Gibbons RJ, Fisher C, Suri M, Reardon W. Asplenia in ATR-X syndrome: a second report. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Nov 15;139(1):37-9. PMID:16222662 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30990
- ↑ Wieland I, Sabathil J, Ostendorf A, Rittinger O, Ropke A, Winnepenninckx B, Kooy F, Holinski-Feder E, Wieacker P. A missense mutation in the coiled-coil motif of the HP1-interacting domain of ATR-X in a family with X-linked mental retardation. Neurogenetics. 2005 Feb;6(1):45-7. PMID:15565397 doi:10.1007/s10048-004-0190-3
- ↑ Gibbons RJ, Pellagatti A, Garrick D, Wood WG, Malik N, Ayyub H, Langford C, Boultwood J, Wainscoat JS, Higgs DR. Identification of acquired somatic mutations in the gene encoding chromatin-remodeling factor ATRX in the alpha-thalassemia myelodysplasia syndrome (ATMDS). Nat Genet. 2003 Aug;34(4):446-9. PMID:12858175 doi:10.1038/ng1213
- ↑ Hollenbach AD, McPherson CJ, Mientjes EJ, Iyengar R, Grosveld G. Daxx and histone deacetylase II associate with chromatin through an interaction with core histones and the chromatin-associated protein Dek. J Cell Sci. 2002 Aug 15;115(Pt 16):3319-30. PMID:12140263
- ↑ Zhao LY, Liu J, Sidhu GS, Niu Y, Liu Y, Wang R, Liao D. Negative regulation of p53 functions by Daxx and the involvement of MDM2. J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 26;279(48):50566-79. Epub 2004 Sep 10. PMID:15364927 doi:10.1074/jbc.M406743200
- ↑ Lin DY, Huang YS, Jeng JC, Kuo HY, Chang CC, Chao TT, Ho CC, Chen YC, Lin TP, Fang HI, Hung CC, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Chang KS, Maul GG, Shih HM. Role of SUMO-interacting motif in Daxx SUMO modification, subnuclear localization, and repression of sumoylated transcription factors. Mol Cell. 2006 Nov 3;24(3):341-54. PMID:17081986 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.10.019
- ↑ Tang J, Qu LK, Zhang J, Wang W, Michaelson JS, Degenhardt YY, El-Deiry WS, Yang X. Critical role for Daxx in regulating Mdm2. Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;8(8):855-62. Epub 2006 Jul 16. PMID:16845383 doi:10.1038/ncb1442
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