View source for 2lri


==NMR structure of the second PHD finger of AIRE (AIRE-PHD2)==
<StructureSection load='2lri' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2lri]]' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2lri]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2LRI OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2LRI FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2lri FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2lri OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2lri PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2lri RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2lri PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2lri ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AIRE_HUMAN AIRE_HUMAN] Defects in AIRE are a cause of autoimmune poly-endocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APS1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/240300 240300]. An autosomal recessive disease characterized by the combination of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and Addison disease. Symptoms of mucocutaneous candidiasis manifest first, followed by hypotension or fatigue occurring as a result of Addison disease. APS1 is associated with other autoimmune disorders including diabetes mellitus, vitiligo, alopecia, hepatitis, pernicious anemia and primary hypothyroidism.<ref>PMID:18292755</ref> <ref>PMID:10677297</ref> <ref>PMID:11274163</ref> <ref>PMID:14974083</ref> <ref>PMID:9398839</ref> <ref>PMID:15649886</ref> <ref>PMID:19446523</ref> <ref>PMID:9888391</ref> <ref>PMID:11275943</ref> <ref>PMID:11524731</ref> <ref>PMID:11524733</ref> <ref>PMID:11600535</ref> <ref>PMID:12173302</ref> <ref>PMID:12625412</ref> <ref>PMID:11836330</ref> <ref>PMID:12050215</ref> <ref>PMID:15712268</ref> <ref>PMID:16114041</ref>   Note=Most of the mutations alter the nucleus-cytoplasm distribution of AIRE and disturb its association with nuclear dots and cytoplasmic filaments. Most of the mutations also decrease transactivation of the protein. The HSR domain is responsible for the homomultimerization activity of AIRE. All the missense mutations of the HSR and the SAND domains decrease this activity, but those in other domains do not. The AIRE protein is present in soluble high-molecular-weight complexes. Mutations in the HSR domain and deletion of PHD zinc fingers disturb the formation of these complexes.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AIRE_HUMAN AIRE_HUMAN] Transcriptional regulator that binds to DNA as a dimer or as a tetramer, but not as a monomer. Binds to G-doublets in an A/T-rich environment; the preferred motif is a tandem repeat of 5'-. ATTGGTTA-3' combined with a 5'-TTATTA-3' box. Binds to nucleosomes (By similarity). Binds to chromatin and interacts selectively with histone H3 that is not methylated at 'Lys-4', not phosphorylated at 'Thr-3' and not methylated at 'Arg-2'. Functions as a sensor of histone H3 modifications that are important for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Functions as a transcriptional activator and promotes the expression of otherwise tissue-specific self-antigens in the thymus, which is important for self tolerance and the avoidance of autoimmune reactions.<ref>PMID:18292755</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Mutations in autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene cause autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy. AIRE is expressed in thymic medullary epithelial cells, where it promotes the expression of peripheral-tissue antigens to mediate deletional tolerance, thereby preventing self-reactivity. AIRE contains two plant homeodomains (PHDs) which are sites of pathological mutations. AIRE-PHD fingers are important for AIRE transcriptional activity and presumably play a crucial role in the formation of multimeric protein complexes at chromatin level which ultimately control immunological tolerance. As a step forward the understanding of AIRE-PHD fingers in normal and pathological conditions, we investigated their structure and used a proteomic SILAC approach to assess the impact of patient mutations targeting AIRE-PHD fingers. Importantly, both AIRE-PHD fingers are structurally independent and mutually non-interacting domains. In contrast to D297A and V301M on AIRE-PHD1, the C446G mutation on AIRE-PHD2 destroys the structural fold, thus causing aberrant AIRE localization and reduction of AIRE target genes activation. Moreover, mutations targeting AIRE-PHD1 affect the formation of a multimeric protein complex at chromatin level. Overall our results reveal the importance of AIRE-PHD domains in the interaction with chromatin-associated nuclear partners and gene regulation confirming the role of PHD fingers as versatile protein interaction hubs for multiple binding events.

AIRE-PHD fingers are structural hubs to maintain the integrity of chromatin-associated interactome.,Gaetani M, Matafora V, Saare M, Spiliotopoulos D, Mollica L, Quilici G, Chignola F, Mannella V, Zucchelli C, Peterson P, Bachi A, Musco G Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Dec 1;40(22):11756-68. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks933. Epub 2012, Oct 15. PMID:23074189<ref>PMID:23074189</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2lri" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Chignola F]]
[[Category: Gaetani M]]
[[Category: Mannella V]]
[[Category: Mollica L]]
[[Category: Musco G]]
[[Category: Quilici G]]
[[Category: Spiliotopoulos D]]