View source for 4his


==The Structure of V122I Mutant Transthyretin in Complex with Tafamidis==
<StructureSection load='4his' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4his]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.20&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4his]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4HIS OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4HIS FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.2&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=3MI:2-(3,5-DICHLOROPHENYL)-1,3-BENZOXAZOLE-6-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>3MI</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4his FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4his OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4his PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4his RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4his PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4his ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TTHY_HUMAN TTHY_HUMAN] Defects in TTR are the cause of amyloidosis transthyretin-related (AMYL-TTR) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/105210 105210]. A hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to transthyretin amyloid deposition. Protein fibrils can form in different tissues leading to amyloid polyneuropathies, amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, systemic senile amyloidosis. The disease includes leptomeningeal amyloidosis that is characterized by primary involvement of the central nervous system. Neuropathologic examination shows amyloid in the walls of leptomeningeal vessels, in pia arachnoid, and subpial deposits. Some patients also develop vitreous amyloid deposition that leads to visual impairment (oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis). Clinical features include seizures, stroke-like episodes, dementia, psychomotor deterioration, variable amyloid deposition in the vitreous humor.<ref>PMID:11243784</ref> <ref>PMID:15735344</ref> <ref>PMID:19167329</ref> <ref>PMID:3818577</ref> <ref>PMID:3022108</ref> <ref>PMID:6651852</ref> <ref>PMID:6583672</ref> <ref>PMID:3135807</ref> <ref>PMID:1517749</ref> <ref>PMID:1932142</ref> <ref>PMID:7923855</ref> <ref>PMID:8382610</ref> <ref>PMID:8428915</ref> <ref>PMID:9733771</ref> <ref>PMID:12403615</ref> <ref>PMID:16185074</ref> <ref>PMID:16627944</ref> <ref>PMID:6487335</ref> <ref>PMID:3722385</ref> <ref>PMID:2891727</ref> <ref>PMID:2161654</ref> <ref>PMID:2363717</ref> <ref>PMID:1656975</ref> <ref>PMID:2046936</ref> <ref>PMID:1570831</ref> <ref>PMID:1734866</ref> <ref>PMID:1520326</ref> <ref>PMID:1520336</ref> <ref>PMID:1544214</ref> <ref>PMID:1351039</ref> <ref>PMID:1301926</ref> <ref>PMID:1362222</ref> <ref>PMID:1436517</ref> <ref>PMID:8352764</ref> <ref>PMID:8038017</ref> <ref>PMID:8257997</ref> <ref>PMID:8095302</ref> <ref>PMID:1997217</ref> <ref>PMID:8019560</ref> <ref>PMID:8081397</ref> <ref>PMID:7914929</ref> <ref>PMID:8133316</ref> <ref>PMID:7910950</ref> <ref>PMID:7655883</ref> <ref>PMID:7850982</ref> <ref>PMID:8579098</ref> <ref>PMID:9066351</ref> <ref>PMID:8990019</ref> <ref>PMID:9605286</ref> <ref>PMID:10036587</ref> <ref>PMID:10627135</ref> <ref>PMID:10694917</ref> <ref>PMID:10211412</ref> <ref>PMID:10439117</ref> <ref>PMID:10611950</ref> <ref>PMID:10071047</ref> <ref>PMID:10436378</ref> <ref>PMID:10842705</ref> <ref>PMID:10842718</ref> <ref>PMID:10882995</ref> <ref>PMID:11445644</ref> <ref>PMID:12557757</ref> <ref>PMID:11866053</ref> <ref>PMID:12050338</ref> <ref>PMID:12771253</ref> <ref>PMID:15214015</ref> <ref>PMID:15478468</ref> <ref>PMID:15217993</ref> <ref>PMID:17453626</ref> <ref>PMID:17577687</ref> <ref>PMID:17503405</ref> <ref>PMID:17635579</ref>   Defects in TTR are a cause of hyperthyroxinemia dystransthyretinemic euthyroidal (HTDE) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/145680 145680]. It is a condition characterized by elevation of total and free thyroxine in healthy, euthyroid persons without detectable binding protein abnormalities.<ref>PMID:1979335</ref>   Defects in TTR are a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome type 1 (CTS1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/115430 115430]. It is a condition characterized by entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. This condition may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma, wrist injuries, amyloid neuropathies, rheumatoid arthritis.<ref>PMID:8309582</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TTHY_HUMAN TTHY_HUMAN] Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.<ref>PMID:3714052</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The misassembly of soluble proteins into toxic aggregates, including amyloid fibrils, underlies a large number of human degenerative diseases. Cardiac amyloidoses, which are most commonly caused by aggregation of Ig light chains or transthyretin (TTR) in the cardiac interstitium and conducting system, represent an important and often underdiagnosed cause of heart failure. Two types of TTR-associated amyloid cardiomyopathies are clinically important. The Val122Ile (V122I) mutation, which alters the kinetic stability of TTR and affects 3% to 4% of African American subjects, can lead to development of familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. In addition, aggregation of WT TTR in individuals older than age 65 y causes senile systemic amyloidosis. TTR-mediated amyloid cardiomyopathies are chronic and progressive conditions that lead to arrhythmias, biventricular heart failure, and death. As no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are currently available for treatment of these diseases, the development of therapeutic agents that prevent TTR-mediated cardiotoxicity is desired. Here, we report the development of AG10, a potent and selective kinetic stabilizer of TTR. AG10 prevents dissociation of V122I-TTR in serum samples obtained from patients with familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. In contrast to other TTR stabilizers currently in clinical trials, AG10 stabilizes V122I- and WT-TTR equally well and also exceeds their efficacy to stabilize WT and mutant TTR in whole serum. Crystallographic studies of AG10 bound to V122I-TTR give valuable insights into how AG10 achieves such effective kinetic stabilization of TTR, which will also aid in designing better TTR stabilizers. The oral bioavailability of AG10, combined with additional desirable drug-like features, makes it a very promising candidate to treat TTR amyloid cardiomyopathy.

AG10 inhibits amyloidogenesis and cellular toxicity of the familial amyloid cardiomyopathy-associated V122I transthyretin.,Penchala SC, Connelly S, Wang Y, Park MS, Zhao L, Baranczak A, Rappley I, Vogel H, Liedtke M, Witteles RM, Powers ET, Reixach N, Chan WK, Wilson IA, Kelly JW, Graef IA, Alhamadsheh MM Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jun 11;110(24):9992-7. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1300761110. Epub 2013 May 28. PMID:23716704<ref>PMID:23716704</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 4his" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Transthyretin 3D structures|Transthyretin 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Alhamadsheh M]]
[[Category: Connelly S]]
[[Category: Graef I]]
[[Category: Wilson IA]]