View source for 1jm4


==NMR Structure of P/CAF Bromodomain in Complex with HIV-1 Tat Peptide==
<StructureSection load='1jm4' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1jm4]]' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1jm4]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_(BRU_ISOLATE) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (BRU ISOLATE)]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1JM4 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1JM4 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR, 25 models</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ALY:N(6)-ACETYLLYSINE'>ALY</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1jm4 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1jm4 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1jm4 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1jm4 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1jm4 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1jm4 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TAT_HV1BR TAT_HV1BR] Nuclear transcriptional activator of viral gene expression, that is essential for viral transcription from the LTR promoter and replication. Acts as a sequence-specific molecular adapter, directing components of the cellular transcription machinery to the viral RNA to promote processive transcription elongation by the RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) complex, thereby increasing the level of full-length transcripts. In the absence of Tat, the RNA Pol II generates short or non-processive transcripts that terminate at approximately 60 bp from the initiation site. Tat associates with the CCNT1/cyclin-T1 component of the P-TEFb complex (CDK9 and CCNT1), which promotes RNA chain elongation. This binding increases Tat's affinity for a hairpin structure at the 5'-end of all nascent viral mRNAs referred to as the transactivation responsive RNA element (TAR RNA) and allows Tat/P-TEFb complex to bind cooperatively to TAR RNA. The CDK9 component of P-TEFb and other Tat-activated kinases hyperphosphorylate the C-terminus of RNA Pol II that becomes stabilized and much more processive. Other factors such as HTATSF1/Tat-SF1, SUPT5H/SPT5, and HTATIP2 are also important for Tat's function. Besides its effect on RNA Pol II processivity, Tat induces chromatin remodeling of proviral genes by recruiting the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) CREBBP, EP300 and PCAF to the chromatin. This also contributes to the increase in proviral transcription rate, especially when the provirus integrates in transcriptionally silent region of the host genome. To ensure maximal activation of the LTR, Tat mediates nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B. In this purpose, it activates EIF2AK2/PKR which, in turns, may phosphorylate and target to degradation the inhibitor IkappaB-alpha which normally retains NF-kappa-B in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells. Through its interaction with TBP, Tat may be involved in transcription initiation as well. Interacts with the cellular capping enzyme RNGTT to mediate co-transcriptional capping of viral mRNAs. Tat protein exerts as well a positive feedback on the translation of its cognate mRNA. Tat can reactivate a latently infected cell by penetrating in it and transactivating its LTR promoter. In the cytoplasm, Tat is thought to act as a translational activator of HIV-1 mRNAs (By similarity).<ref>PMID:7638159</ref> <ref>PMID:8934526</ref> <ref>PMID:8676466</ref> <ref>PMID:10329125</ref> <ref>PMID:10400814</ref> <ref>PMID:10958691</ref> <ref>PMID:12052871</ref> <ref>PMID:12154097</ref> <ref>PMID:15713622</ref> <ref>PMID:15719058</ref> <ref>PMID:16920714</ref> <ref>PMID:19671151</ref>   Extracellular circulating Tat can be endocytosed by surrounding uninfected cells via the binding to several surface receptors such as CD26, CXCR4, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) or LDLR. Neurons are rarely infected, but they internalize Tat via their LDLR. Endosomal low pH allows Tat to cross the endosome membrane to enter the cytosol and eventually further translocate into the nucleus, thereby inducing severe cell dysfunctions ranging from cell activation to cell death. Through its interaction with nuclear HATs, Tat is potentially able to control the acetylation-dependent cellular gene expression. Tat seems to inhibit the HAT activity of KAT5/Tip60 and TAF1, and consequently modify the expression of specific cellular genes. Modulates the expression of many cellular genes involved in cell survival, proliferation or in coding for cytokines (such as IL10) or cytokine receptors. May be involved in the derepression of host interleukin IL2 expression. Mediates the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases and dysregulation of microtubule network. Tat plays a role in T-cell and neurons apoptosis. Tat induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis probably contribute to neuroAIDS. Host extracellular matrix metalloproteinase MMP1 cleaves Tat and decreases Tat's mediated neurotoxicity. Circulating Tat also acts as a chemokine-like and/or growth factor-like molecule that binds to specific receptors on the surface of the cells, affecting many cellular pathways. In the vascular system, Tat binds to ITGAV/ITGB3 and ITGA5/ITGB1 integrins dimers at the surface of endothelial cells and competes with bFGF for heparin-binding sites, leading to an excess of soluble bFGF. Binds to KDR/VEGFR-2. All these Tat-mediated effects enhance angiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions (By similarity).<ref>PMID:7638159</ref> <ref>PMID:8934526</ref> <ref>PMID:8676466</ref> <ref>PMID:10329125</ref> <ref>PMID:10400814</ref> <ref>PMID:10958691</ref> <ref>PMID:12052871</ref> <ref>PMID:12154097</ref> <ref>PMID:15713622</ref> <ref>PMID:15719058</ref> <ref>PMID:16920714</ref> <ref>PMID:19671151</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/jm/1jm4_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview03.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1jm4 ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator protein Tat stimulates transcription of the integrated HIV-1 genome and promotes viral replication in infected cells. Tat transactivation activity is dependent on lysine acetylation and its association with nuclear histone acetyltransferases p300/CBP (CREB binding protein) and p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). Here, we show that the bromodomain of PCAF binds specifically to HIV-1 Tat acetylated at lysine 50 and that this interaction competes effectively against HIV-1 TAR RNA binding to the lysine-acetylated Tat. The three-dimensional solution structure of the PCAF bromodomain in complex with a lysine 50-acetylated Tat peptide together with biochemical analyses provides the structural basis for the specificity of this molecular recognition and reveals insights into the differences in ligand selectivity of bromodomains.

Structural basis of lysine-acetylated HIV-1 Tat recognition by PCAF bromodomain.,Mujtaba S, He Y, Zeng L, Farooq A, Carlson JE, Ott M, Verdin E, Zhou MM Mol Cell. 2002 Mar;9(3):575-86. PMID:11931765<ref>PMID:11931765</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 1jm4" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Carlson JE]]
[[Category: Farooq A]]
[[Category: He Y]]
[[Category: Mujtaba S]]
[[Category: Ott M]]
[[Category: Verdin E]]
[[Category: Zeng L]]
[[Category: Zhou M-M]]