View source for 2flm


==Human transthyretin (TTR) complexed with bivalant amyloid inhibitor (6 carbon linker)==
<StructureSection load='2flm' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2flm]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.65&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2flm]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FLM OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FLM FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.65&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=6CA:4-{6-[4-(2-CARBOXYPHENYLAMINO)-PHENOXY]-HEXYLOXY}-BIPHENYL-4-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>6CA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2flm FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2flm OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2flm PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2flm RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2flm PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2flm ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TTHY_HUMAN TTHY_HUMAN] Defects in TTR are the cause of amyloidosis transthyretin-related (AMYL-TTR) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/105210 105210]. A hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to transthyretin amyloid deposition. Protein fibrils can form in different tissues leading to amyloid polyneuropathies, amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, systemic senile amyloidosis. The disease includes leptomeningeal amyloidosis that is characterized by primary involvement of the central nervous system. Neuropathologic examination shows amyloid in the walls of leptomeningeal vessels, in pia arachnoid, and subpial deposits. Some patients also develop vitreous amyloid deposition that leads to visual impairment (oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis). Clinical features include seizures, stroke-like episodes, dementia, psychomotor deterioration, variable amyloid deposition in the vitreous humor.<ref>PMID:11243784</ref> <ref>PMID:15735344</ref> <ref>PMID:19167329</ref> <ref>PMID:3818577</ref> <ref>PMID:3022108</ref> <ref>PMID:6651852</ref> <ref>PMID:6583672</ref> <ref>PMID:3135807</ref> <ref>PMID:1517749</ref> <ref>PMID:1932142</ref> <ref>PMID:7923855</ref> <ref>PMID:8382610</ref> <ref>PMID:8428915</ref> <ref>PMID:9733771</ref> <ref>PMID:12403615</ref> <ref>PMID:16185074</ref> <ref>PMID:16627944</ref> <ref>PMID:6487335</ref> <ref>PMID:3722385</ref> <ref>PMID:2891727</ref> <ref>PMID:2161654</ref> <ref>PMID:2363717</ref> <ref>PMID:1656975</ref> <ref>PMID:2046936</ref> <ref>PMID:1570831</ref> <ref>PMID:1734866</ref> <ref>PMID:1520326</ref> <ref>PMID:1520336</ref> <ref>PMID:1544214</ref> <ref>PMID:1351039</ref> <ref>PMID:1301926</ref> <ref>PMID:1362222</ref> <ref>PMID:1436517</ref> <ref>PMID:8352764</ref> <ref>PMID:8038017</ref> <ref>PMID:8257997</ref> <ref>PMID:8095302</ref> <ref>PMID:1997217</ref> <ref>PMID:8019560</ref> <ref>PMID:8081397</ref> <ref>PMID:7914929</ref> <ref>PMID:8133316</ref> <ref>PMID:7910950</ref> <ref>PMID:7655883</ref> <ref>PMID:7850982</ref> <ref>PMID:8579098</ref> <ref>PMID:9066351</ref> <ref>PMID:8990019</ref> <ref>PMID:9605286</ref> <ref>PMID:10036587</ref> <ref>PMID:10627135</ref> <ref>PMID:10694917</ref> <ref>PMID:10211412</ref> <ref>PMID:10439117</ref> <ref>PMID:10611950</ref> <ref>PMID:10071047</ref> <ref>PMID:10436378</ref> <ref>PMID:10842705</ref> <ref>PMID:10842718</ref> <ref>PMID:10882995</ref> <ref>PMID:11445644</ref> <ref>PMID:12557757</ref> <ref>PMID:11866053</ref> <ref>PMID:12050338</ref> <ref>PMID:12771253</ref> <ref>PMID:15214015</ref> <ref>PMID:15478468</ref> <ref>PMID:15217993</ref> <ref>PMID:17453626</ref> <ref>PMID:17577687</ref> <ref>PMID:17503405</ref> <ref>PMID:17635579</ref>   Defects in TTR are a cause of hyperthyroxinemia dystransthyretinemic euthyroidal (HTDE) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/145680 145680]. It is a condition characterized by elevation of total and free thyroxine in healthy, euthyroid persons without detectable binding protein abnormalities.<ref>PMID:1979335</ref>   Defects in TTR are a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome type 1 (CTS1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/115430 115430]. It is a condition characterized by entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. This condition may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma, wrist injuries, amyloid neuropathies, rheumatoid arthritis.<ref>PMID:8309582</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TTHY_HUMAN TTHY_HUMAN] Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.<ref>PMID:3714052</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/fl/2flm_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2flm ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The misfolding of transthyretin (TTR), including rate-limiting tetramer dissociation and partial monomer denaturation, is sufficient for TTR misassembly into amyloid and other abnormal quaternary structures associated with senile systemic amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. Monovalent small molecules that bind to one or both of the unoccupied thyroid hormone binding sites at the TTR quaternary structure interface stabilize the native state, raising the kinetic barrier for tetramer dissociation sufficiently that the rate of dissociation, and therefore amyloidosis, becomes slow. Bivalent amyloid inhibitors that bind to both binding sites simultaneously are reported herein. The candidate bivalent inhibitors are generally unable to bind to the native TTR tetramer and typically do not engage in monovalent binding owing to a strong inhibitor orientation preference. However, the TTR quaternary structure can assemble around several of the bivalent inhibitors if the inhibitor intercepts the protein before assembly occurs. Some of the wild-type TTR.bivalent inhibitor complexes prepared in this fashion retain a tetrameric structure when subjected to substantial denaturation stresses (8 M urea, 120 h). The best bivalent inhibitor reduced acid-mediated TTR (3.6 microM) amyloid fibril formation to 6% of that exhibited by TTR in the absence of inhibitor, a significant improvement over the approximately 30% observed for the best monovalent inhibitors (3.6 microM, 72 h). The apparent dissociation rate of the best bivalent inhibitor is effectively zero, consistent with the idea that TTR tetramer dissociation and inhibitor dissociation are linked-as a result of the inhibitor-templating tetramer assembly. X-ray cocrystal structures of two of the complexes demonstrate that the bivalent inhibitors simultaneously occupy both sites in TTR, consistent with the 1:1 binding stoichiometry derived from HPLC analysis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that bivalent inhibitors could be useful; what resulted are the best inhibitors produced to date. In this context, molecules capable of intercepting TTR during folding and assembly in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum would be of obvious interest.

Synthesis and characterization of potent bivalent amyloidosis inhibitors that bind prior to transthyretin tetramerization.,Green NS, Palaninathan SK, Sacchettini JC, Kelly JW J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Nov 5;125(44):13404-14. PMID:14583036<ref>PMID:14583036</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 2flm" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Transthyretin 3D structures|Transthyretin 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Kelly JW]]
[[Category: Palaninathan SK]]
[[Category: Sacchettini JC]]