View source for 2wmu


==Crystal structure of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) in complex with inhibitors==
<StructureSection load='2wmu' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2wmu]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.60&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2wmu]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2WMU OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2WMU FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.6&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZYU:6-MORPHOLIN-4-YL-9H-PURINE'>ZYU</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2wmu FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2wmu OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2wmu PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2wmu RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2wmu PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2wmu ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CHK1_HUMAN CHK1_HUMAN] Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair in response to the presence of DNA damage or unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. This regulation is achieved by a number of mechanisms that together help to preserve the integrity of the genome. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [R-X-X-S/T]. Binds to and phosphorylates CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-178' and 'Thr-507' and phosphorylation of CDC25C at 'Ser-216' creates binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins which inhibit CDC25A and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76', 'Ser-124', 'Ser-178', 'Ser-279' and 'Ser-293' promotes proteolysis of CDC25A. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76' primes the protein for subsequent phosphorylation at 'Ser-79', 'Ser-82' and 'Ser-88' by NEK11, which is required for polyubiquitination and degradation of CDCD25A. Inhibition of CDC25 leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. Also phosphorylates NEK6. Binds to and phosphorylates RAD51 at 'Thr-309', which promotes the release of RAD51 from BRCA2 and enhances the association of RAD51 with chromatin, thereby promoting DNA repair by homologous recombination. Phosphorylates multiple sites within the C-terminus of TP53, which promotes activation of TP53 by acetylation and promotes cell cycle arrest and suppression of cellular proliferation. Also promotes repair of DNA cross-links through phosphorylation of FANCE. Binds to and phosphorylates TLK1 at 'Ser-743', which prevents the TLK1-dependent phosphorylation of the chromatin assembly factor ASF1A. This may enhance chromatin assembly both in the presence or absence of DNA damage. May also play a role in replication fork maintenance through regulation of PCNA. May regulate the transcription of genes that regulate cell-cycle progression through the phosphorylation of histones. Phosphorylates histone H3.1 (to form H3T11ph), which leads to epigenetic inhibition of a subset of genes. May also phosphorylate RB1 to promote its interaction with the E2F family of transcription factors and subsequent cell cycle arrest.<ref>PMID:9278511</ref> <ref>PMID:10673501</ref> <ref>PMID:11535615</ref> <ref>PMID:12446774</ref> <ref>PMID:12399544</ref> <ref>PMID:12676583</ref> <ref>PMID:12660173</ref> <ref>PMID:14681206</ref> <ref>PMID:12676925</ref> <ref>PMID:12759351</ref> <ref>PMID:14559997</ref> <ref>PMID:14988723</ref> <ref>PMID:15311285</ref> <ref>PMID:15659650</ref> <ref>PMID:15665856</ref> <ref>PMID:15650047</ref> <ref>PMID:16511572</ref> <ref>PMID:16963448</ref> <ref>PMID:17380128</ref> <ref>PMID:17296736</ref> <ref>PMID:18510930</ref> <ref>PMID:18728393</ref> <ref>PMID:18451105</ref> <ref>PMID:18317453</ref> <ref>PMID:19734889</ref> <ref>PMID:20090422</ref>   Isoform 2: Endogenous repressor of isoform 1, interacts with, and antagonizes CHK1 to promote the S to G2/M phase transition.<ref>PMID:9278511</ref> <ref>PMID:10673501</ref> <ref>PMID:11535615</ref> <ref>PMID:12446774</ref> <ref>PMID:12399544</ref> <ref>PMID:12676583</ref> <ref>PMID:12660173</ref> <ref>PMID:14681206</ref> <ref>PMID:12676925</ref> <ref>PMID:12759351</ref> <ref>PMID:14559997</ref> <ref>PMID:14988723</ref> <ref>PMID:15311285</ref> <ref>PMID:15659650</ref> <ref>PMID:15665856</ref> <ref>PMID:15650047</ref> <ref>PMID:16511572</ref> <ref>PMID:16963448</ref> <ref>PMID:17380128</ref> <ref>PMID:17296736</ref> <ref>PMID:18510930</ref> <ref>PMID:18728393</ref> <ref>PMID:18451105</ref> <ref>PMID:18317453</ref> <ref>PMID:19734889</ref> <ref>PMID:20090422</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/wm/2wmu_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2wmu ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is an oncology target of significant current interest. Inhibition of CHK1 abrogates DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints and sensitizes p53 deficient cancer cells to genotoxic therapies. Using template screening, a fragment-based approach to small molecule hit generation, we have identified multiple CHK1 inhibitor scaffolds suitable for further optimization. The sequential combination of in silico low molecular weight template selection, a high concentration biochemical assay and hit validation through protein-ligand X-ray crystallography provided 13 template hits from an initial in silico screening library of ca. 15000 compounds. The use of appropriate counter-screening to rule out nonspecific aggregation by test compounds was essential for optimum performance of the high concentration bioassay. One low molecular weight, weakly active purine template hit was progressed by iterative structure-based design to give submicromolar pyrazolopyridines with good ligand efficiency and appropriate CHK1-mediated cellular activity in HT29 colon cancer cells.

Identification of inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 1 through template screening.,Matthews TP, Klair S, Burns S, Boxall K, Cherry M, Fisher M, Westwood IM, Walton MI, McHardy T, Cheung KM, Van Montfort R, Williams D, Aherne GW, Garrett MD, Reader J, Collins I J Med Chem. 2009 Aug 13;52(15):4810-9. PMID:19572549<ref>PMID:19572549</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 2wmu" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures|Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Aherne GW]]
[[Category: Boxall K]]
[[Category: Burns S]]
[[Category: Cherry M]]
[[Category: Cheung K-MJ]]
[[Category: Collins I]]
[[Category: Fisher M]]
[[Category: Garrett MD]]
[[Category: Klair S]]
[[Category: Matthews TP]]
[[Category: McHardy T]]
[[Category: Reader J]]
[[Category: Van Montfort R]]
[[Category: Walton MI]]
[[Category: Westwood IM]]
[[Category: Williams D]]