View source for 2x1x


==CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF VEGF-C IN COMPLEX WITH DOMAINS 2 AND 3 OF VEGFR2 IN A TETRAGONAL CRYSTAL FORM==
<StructureSection load='2x1x' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2x1x]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.10&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2x1x]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2X1X OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2X1X FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 3.1&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BMA:BETA-D-MANNOSE'>BMA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HG:MERCURY+(II)+ION'>HG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2x1x FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2x1x OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2x1x PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2x1x RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2x1x PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2x1x ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/VGFR2_HUMAN VGFR2_HUMAN] Defects in KDR are associated with susceptibility to hemangioma capillary infantile (HCI) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/602089 602089]. HCI are benign, highly proliferative lesions involving aberrant localized growth of capillary endothelium. They are the most common tumor of infancy, occurring in up to 10% of all births. Hemangiomas tend to appear shortly after birth and show rapid neonatal growth for up to 12 months characterized by endothelial hypercellularity and increased numbers of mast cells. This phase is followed by slow involution at a rate of about 10% per year and replacement by fibrofatty stroma.<ref>PMID:11807987</ref> <ref>PMID:18931684</ref>   Note=Plays a major role in tumor angiogenesis. In case of HIV-1 infection, the interaction with extracellular viral Tat protein seems to enhance angiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/VGFR2_HUMAN VGFR2_HUMAN] Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFC and VEGFD. Plays an essential role in the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular development, vascular permeability, and embryonic hematopoiesis. Promotes proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Isoforms lacking a transmembrane domain, such as isoform 2 and isoform 3, may function as decoy receptors for VEGFA, VEGFC and/or VEGFD. Isoform 2 plays an important role as negative regulator of VEGFA- and VEGFC-mediated lymphangiogenesis by limiting the amount of free VEGFA and/or VEGFC and preventing their binding to FLT4. Modulates FLT1 and FLT4 signaling by forming heterodimers. Binding of vascular growth factors to isoform 1 leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the activation of protein kinase C. Mediates activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of PTK2/FAK1. Required for VEGFA-mediated induction of NOS2 and NOS3, leading to the production of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. Phosphorylates PLCG1. Promotes phosphorylation of FYN, NCK1, NOS3, PIK3R1, PTK2/FAK1 and SRC.<ref>PMID:19668192</ref> <ref>PMID:1417831</ref> <ref>PMID:7929439</ref> <ref>PMID:9160888</ref> <ref>PMID:9837777</ref> <ref>PMID:9804796</ref> <ref>PMID:10600473</ref> <ref>PMID:10102632</ref> <ref>PMID:11387210</ref> <ref>PMID:12649282</ref> <ref>PMID:15026417</ref> <ref>PMID:15215251</ref> <ref>PMID:15962004</ref> <ref>PMID:16966330</ref> <ref>PMID:17303569</ref> <ref>PMID:19834490</ref> <ref>PMID:20179233</ref> <ref>PMID:20224550</ref> <ref>PMID:20705758</ref> <ref>PMID:10368301</ref> <ref>PMID:18529047</ref> <ref>PMID:20080685</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/x1/2x1x_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview03.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2x1x ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) regulate blood and lymph vessel formation through activation of three receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR-1, -2, and -3. The extracellular domain of VEGF receptors consists of seven immunoglobulin homology domains, which, upon ligand binding, promote receptor dimerization. Dimerization initiates transmembrane signaling, which activates the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of the receptor. VEGF-C stimulates lymphangiogenesis and contributes to pathological angiogenesis via VEGFR-3. However, proteolytically processed VEGF-C also stimulates VEGFR-2, the predominant transducer of signals required for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Here we present the crystal structure of VEGF-C bound to the VEGFR-2 high-affinity-binding site, which consists of immunoglobulin homology domains D2 and D3. This structure reveals a symmetrical 22 complex, in which left-handed twisted receptor domains wrap around the 2-fold axis of VEGF-C. In the VEGFs, receptor specificity is determined by an N-terminal alpha helix and three peptide loops. Our structure shows that two of these loops in VEGF-C bind to VEGFR-2 subdomains D2 and D3, while one interacts primarily with D3. Additionally, the N-terminal helix of VEGF-C interacts with D2, and the groove separating the two VEGF-C monomers binds to the D2/D3 linker. VEGF-C, unlike VEGF-A, does not bind VEGFR-1. We therefore created VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 chimeric proteins to further study receptor specificity. This biochemical analysis, together with our structural data, defined VEGFR-2 residues critical for the binding of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Our results provide significant insights into the structural features that determine the high affinity and specificity of VEGF/VEGFR interactions.

Structural determinants of growth factor binding and specificity by VEGF receptor 2.,Leppanen VM, Prota AE, Jeltsch M, Anisimov A, Kalkkinen N, Strandin T, Lankinen H, Goldman A, Ballmer-Hofer K, Alitalo K Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 9;107(6):2425-30. PMID:20145116<ref>PMID:20145116</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 2x1x" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[VEGF 3D Structures|VEGF 3D Structures]]
*[[3D structures of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor|3D structures of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Alitalo K]]
[[Category: Anisimov A]]
[[Category: Ballmer-Hofer K]]
[[Category: Goldman A]]
[[Category: Jeltsch M]]
[[Category: Kalkkinen N]]
[[Category: Lankinen H]]
[[Category: Leppanen V-M]]
[[Category: Prota AE]]
[[Category: Strandin T]]