View source for 3gcd


==Structure of the V. cholerae RTX cysteine protease domain in complex with an aza-Leucine peptide inhibitor==
<StructureSection load='3gcd' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3gcd]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.35&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3gcd]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae Vibrio cholerae]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3GCD OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3GCD FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.35&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=AZ0:ETHYL+(5S,8S,14S)-14-HYDROXY-5,8,11-TRIS(2-METHYLPROPYL)-3,6,9,12-TETRAOXO-1-PHENYL-2-OXA-4,7,10,11-TETRAAZAPENTADECAN-15-OATE'>AZ0</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=IHP:INOSITOL+HEXAKISPHOSPHATE'>IHP</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NA:SODIUM+ION'>NA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3gcd FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3gcd OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3gcd PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3gcd RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3gcd PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3gcd ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MARTX_VIBCH MARTX_VIBCH] Precursor of a multifunctional toxin that causes destruction of the actin cytoskeleton by covalent cross-linking of actin and inactivation of Rho GTPases when translocated into the host cytoplasm (PubMed:26185092). Upon translocation into the host cell, undergoes autoprocessing in cis mediated by the peptidase C80 domain (also named CPD domain): the protease activity is activated upon binding inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) present at the host cell membrane and delivers the Cysteine protease domain-containing toxin F3 chain to the host cytosol (PubMed:17464284, PubMed:18591243, PubMed:18845756, PubMed:19465933, PubMed:19620709). The Cysteine protease domain-containing toxin F3 chain will then further cleave and release effector toxin chains that cause disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton and enhance V.cholerae colonization of the small intestine, possibly by facilitating evasion of phagocytic cells (PubMed:11553575, PubMed:12045243, PubMed:17698571, PubMed:17698573, PubMed:19620709, PubMed:19812690).<ref>PMID:11553575</ref> <ref>PMID:12045243</ref> <ref>PMID:17464284</ref> <ref>PMID:18591243</ref> <ref>PMID:18845756</ref> <ref>PMID:19465933</ref> <ref>PMID:19620709</ref> <ref>PMID:19812690</ref> <ref>PMID:26185092</ref>   Following autocatalytic cleavage in cis at the Leu-3441-Ala-3442 site, this chain mediates processing in trans to release other individual toxin chains to the host cytosol (PubMed:19620709). Released effector toxin chains cause disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton and enhance V.cholerae colonization of the small intestine, possibly by facilitating evasion of phagocytic cells (PubMed:17698571, PubMed:17698573).<ref>PMID:17698571</ref> <ref>PMID:17698573</ref> <ref>PMID:19620709</ref>   Actin-directed toxin that catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of host cytoplasmic monomeric actin (PubMed:11032799, PubMed:15199181, PubMed:16954226, PubMed:17951576, PubMed:19015515, PubMed:19656298, PubMed:23029200, PubMed:26228148). Mediates the cross-link between 'Lys-50' of one monomer and 'Glu-270' of another actin monomer, resulting in formation of highly toxic actin oligomers that cause cell rounding (PubMed:19015515). The toxin can be highly efficient at very low concentrations by acting on formin homology family proteins: toxic actin oligomers bind with high affinity to formins and adversely affect both nucleation and elongation abilities of formins, causing their potent inhibition in both profilin-dependent and independent manners (PubMed:26228148). Acts as an acid--amino-acid ligase that transfers the gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP to the 'Glu-270' actin residue, resulting in the formation of an activated acyl phosphate intermediate. This intermediate is further hydrolyzed and the energy of hydrolysis is utilized for the formation of the amide bond between actin subunits (PubMed:23029200).<ref>PMID:11032799</ref> <ref>PMID:15199181</ref> <ref>PMID:16954226</ref> <ref>PMID:17951576</ref> <ref>PMID:19015515</ref> <ref>PMID:19656298</ref> <ref>PMID:23029200</ref> <ref>PMID:26228148</ref>   Actin-directed toxin that catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of host cytoplasmic monomeric actin (PubMed:11032799, PubMed:15199181, PubMed:16954226, PubMed:17951576, PubMed:19015515, PubMed:19656298, PubMed:23029200, PubMed:26228148). Mediates the cross-link between 'Lys-50' of one monomer and 'Glu-270' of another actin monomer, resulting in formation of highly toxic actin oligomers that cause cell rounding (PubMed:19015515). The toxin can be highly efficient at very low concentrations by acting on formin homology family proteins: toxic actin oligomers bind with high affinity to formins and adversely affect both nucleation and elongation abilities of formins, causing their potent inhibition in both profilin-dependent and independent manners (PubMed:26228148). Acts as an acid--amino-acid ligase that transfers the gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP to the 'Glu-270' actin residue, resulting in the formation of an activated acyl phosphate intermediate. This intermediate is further hydrolyzed and the energy of hydrolysis is utilized for the formation of the amide bond between actin subunits (PubMed:23029200).<ref>PMID:11032799</ref> <ref>PMID:15199181</ref> <ref>PMID:16954226</ref> <ref>PMID:17951576</ref> <ref>PMID:19015515</ref> <ref>PMID:19656298</ref> <ref>PMID:23029200</ref> <ref>PMID:26228148</ref>   N-epsilon-fatty acyltransferase that mediates lysine-palmitoylation of host Rho GTPase proteins, with a strong preference for host Rac1 (PubMed:29074776). After delivery to the host cytosol, localizes to the host cell membrane where it palmitoylates host Rho GTPase proteins, resulting in loss of all active GTP-bound Rho and subsequent actin depolymerization (PubMed:17474905, PubMed:19434753, PubMed:23184949, PubMed:29074776). Prenylation of host Rac1 at the C-terminus is required for lysine-palmitoylation (PubMed:29074776).<ref>PMID:17474905</ref> <ref>PMID:19434753</ref> <ref>PMID:23184949</ref> <ref>PMID:29074776</ref>   Indirectly activates the small GTPase CDC42.<ref>PMID:25427654</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/gc/3gcd_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview03.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=3gcd ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
MARTX toxins modulate the virulence of a number of Gram-negative Vibrio species. This family of toxins is defined by the presence of a cysteine protease domain (CPD), which proteolytically activates the Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin. Although recent structural studies of the CPD have uncovered a new allosteric activation mechanism, the mechanism of CPD substrate recognition or toxin processing is unknown. Here we show that interdomain cleavage of MARTXVc enhances effector domain function. We also identify the first small-molecule inhibitors of this protease domain and present the 2.35-A structure of the CPD bound to one of these inhibitors. This structure, coupled with biochemical and mutational studies of the toxin, reveals the molecular basis of CPD substrate specificity and underscores the evolutionary relationship between the CPD and the clan CD caspase proteases. These studies are likely to prove valuable for devising new antitoxin strategies for a number of bacterial pathogens.

Mechanistic and structural insights into the proteolytic activation of Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin.,Shen A, Lupardus PJ, Albrow VE, Guzzetta A, Powers JC, Garcia KC, Bogyo M Nat Chem Biol. 2009 Jul;5(7):469-78. PMID:19465933<ref>PMID:19465933</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Vibrio cholerae]]
[[Category: Bogyo M]]
[[Category: Garcia KC]]
[[Category: Lupardus PJ]]
[[Category: Shen A]]