View source for 3nwv


==Human cytochrome c G41S==
<StructureSection load='3nwv' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3nwv]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.90&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3nwv]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3NWV OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3NWV FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.9&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=HEC:HEME+C'>HEC</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3nwv FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3nwv OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3nwv PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3nwv RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3nwv PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3nwv ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CYC_HUMAN CYC_HUMAN] Defects in CYCS are the cause of thrombocytopenia type 4 (THC4) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/612004 612004]; also known as autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia type 4. Thrombocytopenia is the presence of relatively few platelets in blood. THC4 is a non-syndromic form of thrombocytopenia. Clinical manifestations of thrombocytopenia are absent or mild. THC4 may be caused by dysregulated platelet formation.<ref>PMID:18345000</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CYC_HUMAN CYC_HUMAN] Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.  Plays a role in apoptosis. Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activation of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability resulting in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 triggers the activation of caspase-9, which then accelerates apoptosis by activating other caspases.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The naturally occurring G41S mutation to human (Hs) cytochrome (cyt) c enhances apoptotic activity based upon previous in vitro and in vivo studies, but the molecular mechanism underlying this enhancement remains unknown. Here, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to identify the structural and electronic differences between wild-type (WT) and G41S Hs cyt c. S41 is part of the hydrogen bonding network for propionate 7 of heme pyrrole ring A in the X-ray structure of G41S Hs cyt c and, compared to WT, G41S Hs cyt c has increased spin density on pyrrole ring C and a faster electron self-exchange rate. DFT calculations illustrate an electronic mechanism where structural changes near ring A can result in electronic changes at ring C. Since ring C is part of the solvent-exposed protein surface, we propose that this heme electronic structure change may ultimately be responsible for the enhanced proapoptotic activity of G41S Hs cyt c.

The proapoptotic G41S mutation to human cytochrome c alters the heme electronic structure and increases the electron self-exchange rate.,Liptak MD, Fagerlund RD, Ledgerwood EC, Wilbanks SM, Bren KL J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Feb 9;133(5):1153-5. Epub 2010 Dec 30. PMID:21192676<ref>PMID:21192676</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 3nwv" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Cytochrome C 3D structures|Cytochrome C 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
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</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Fagerlund RD]]
[[Category: Wilbanks SM]]