View source for 3v64


==Crystal Structure of agrin and LRP4==
<StructureSection load='3v64' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3v64]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.85&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3v64]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_rat Buffalo rat]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3V64 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3V64 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CA:CALCIUM+ION'>CA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=PO4:PHOSPHATE+ION'>PO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><div style='overflow: auto; max-height: 3em;'>[[3v65|3v65]]</div></td></tr>
<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">Agrn, Agrin ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=10116 Buffalo rat]), Lrp4, Megf7 ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=10116 Buffalo rat])</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3v64 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3v64 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3v64 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3v64 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3v64 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3v64 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/LRP4_RAT LRP4_RAT]] Mediates SOST-dependent inhibition of bone formation (By similarity). Functions as a specific facilitator of SOST-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling (By similarity). Plays a key role in the formation and the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle. Directly binds AGRIN and recruits it to the MUSK signaling complex. Mediates the AGRIN-induced phosphorylation of MUSK, the kinase of the complex. The activation of MUSK in myotubes induces the formation of NMJ by regulating different processes including the transcription of specific genes and the clustering of AChR in the postsynaptic membrane. Alternatively, may be involved in the negative regulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, being able to antagonize the LRP6-mediated activation of this pathway. More generally, has been proposed to function as a cell surface endocytic receptor binding and internalizing extracellular ligands for degradation by lysosomes. [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AGRIN_RAT AGRIN_RAT]] Isoform 1: heparan sulfate basal lamina glycoprotein that plays a central role in the formation and the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and directs key events in postsynaptic differentiation. This neuron-specific (z+) isoform is a component of the AGRN-LRP4 receptor complex that induces the phosphorylation and activation of MUSK. The activation of MUSK in myotubes induces the formation of NMJ by regulating different processes including the transcription of specific genes and the clustering of AChR in the postsynaptic membrane. Calcium ions are required for maximal AChR clustering. AGRN function in neurons is highly regulated by alternative splicing, glycan binding and proteolytic processing. Modulates calcium ion homestasis in neurons, specifically by inducing an increase in cytoplasmic calcium ions. Functions differentially in the central nervous system (CNS) by inhibiting the alpha(3)-subtype of Na+/K+-ATPase and evoking depolarization at CNS synapses. This transmembrane agrin (TM-agrin) isoform, the predominate form in neurons of the brain, induces dendritic filopodia and synapse formation in mature hippocampal neurons in large part due to the attached glycosaminoglycan chains and the action of Rho-family GTPases.<ref>PMID:8398142</ref> <ref>PMID:8653787</ref> <ref>PMID:8693000</ref> <ref>PMID:18775496</ref> <ref>PMID:19524020</ref> <ref>PMID:20471381</ref> <ref>PMID:20566625</ref> <ref>PMID:20505824</ref>   Isoform 1, isoform 4, isoform 5 and isoform 6: neuron-specific (z+) isoforms that contain C-terminal insertions of 8-19 AA are potent activators of AChR clustering. Isoform 5, agrin (z+8), containing the 8-AA insert, forms a receptor complex in myotubules containing the neuronal AGRN, the muscle-specific kinase MUSK and LRP4, a member of the LDL receptor family. The splicing factors, NOVA1 and NOVA2, regulate AGRN splicing and production of the 'z' isoforms.<ref>PMID:8398142</ref> <ref>PMID:8653787</ref> <ref>PMID:8693000</ref> <ref>PMID:18775496</ref> <ref>PMID:19524020</ref> <ref>PMID:20471381</ref> <ref>PMID:20566625</ref> <ref>PMID:20505824</ref>   Agrin N-terminal 110 kDa subunit: is involved in regulation of neurite outgrowth probably due to the presence of the glycosaminoglcan (GAG) side chains of heparan and chondroitin sulfate attached to the Ser/Thr- and Gly/Ser-rich regions. Also involved in modulation of growth factor signaling (By similarity).<ref>PMID:8398142</ref> <ref>PMID:8653787</ref> <ref>PMID:8693000</ref> <ref>PMID:18775496</ref> <ref>PMID:19524020</ref> <ref>PMID:20471381</ref> <ref>PMID:20566625</ref> <ref>PMID:20505824</ref>   Agrin C-terminal 22 kDa fragment: this released fragment is important for agrin signaling and to exert a maximal dendritic filopodia-inducing effect. All 'z' splice variants (z+) of this fragment also show an increase in the number of filopodia.<ref>PMID:8398142</ref> <ref>PMID:8653787</ref> <ref>PMID:8693000</ref> <ref>PMID:18775496</ref> <ref>PMID:19524020</ref> <ref>PMID:20471381</ref> <ref>PMID:20566625</ref> <ref>PMID:20505824</ref>  
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Synapses are the fundamental units of neural circuits that enable complex behaviors. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a synapse formed between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber, has contributed greatly to understanding of the general principles of synaptogenesis as well as of neuromuscular disorders. NMJ formation requires neural agrin, a motoneuron-derived protein, which interacts with LRP4 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4) to activate the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK (muscle-specific kinase). However, little is known of how signals are transduced from agrin to MuSK. Here, we present the first crystal structure of an agrin-LRP4 complex, consisting of two agrin-LRP4 heterodimers. Formation of the initial binary complex requires the z8 loop that is specifically present in neuronal, but not muscle, agrin and that promotes the synergistic formation of the tetramer through two additional interfaces. We show that the tetrameric complex is essential for neuronal agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering. Collectively, these results provide new insight into the agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling cascade and NMJ formation and represent a novel mechanism for activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.

Structural basis of agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling.,Zong Y, Zhang B, Gu S, Lee K, Zhou J, Yao G, Figueiredo D, Perry K, Mei L, Jin R Genes Dev. 2012 Feb 1;26(3):247-58. doi: 10.1101/gad.180885.111. PMID:22302937<ref>PMID:22302937</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 3v64" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Agrin 3D structures|Agrin 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Buffalo rat]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Figueiedo, D]]
[[Category: Gu, S]]
[[Category: Jin, R]]
[[Category: Lee, K]]
[[Category: Mei, L]]
[[Category: Perry, K]]
[[Category: Yao, G]]
[[Category: Zhang, B]]
[[Category: Zhou, J]]
[[Category: Zong, Y]]
[[Category: Beta propeller]]
[[Category: Laminin-g]]
[[Category: Protein binding]]
[[Category: Signaling]]