View source for 4efx


==Highly biologically active insulin with additional disulfide bond==
<StructureSection load='4efx' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4efx]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.98&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4efx]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4EFX OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4EFX FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.98&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4efx FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4efx OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4efx PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4efx RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4efx PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4efx ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN] Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/176730 176730].<ref>PMID:3470784</ref> <ref>PMID:2196279</ref> <ref>PMID:4019786</ref> <ref>PMID:1601997</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125852 125852]. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/606176 606176]. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.<ref>PMID:17855560</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613370 613370]. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref> <ref>PMID:20226046</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Insulin is a key hormone controlling glucose homeostasis. All known vertebrate insulin analogs have a classical structure with three 100% conserved disulfide bonds that are essential for structural stability and thus the function of insulin. It might be hypothesized that an additional disulfide bond may enhance insulin structural stability which would be highly desirable in a pharmaceutical use. To address this hypothesis, we designed insulin with an additional interchain disulfide bond in positions A10/B4 based on Calpha-Calpha distances, solvent exposure, and side-chain orientation in human insulin (HI) structure. This insulin analog had increased affinity for the insulin receptor and apparently augmented glucodynamic potency in a normal rat model compared with HI. Addition of the disulfide bond also resulted in a 34.6 degrees C increase in melting temperature and prevented insulin fibril formation under high physical stress even though the C-terminus of the B-chain thought to be directly involved in fibril formation was not modified. Importantly, this analog was capable of forming hexamer upon Zn addition as typical for wild-type insulin and its crystal structure showed only minor deviations from the classical insulin structure. Furthermore, the additional disulfide bond prevented this insulin analog from adopting the R-state conformation and thus showing that the R-state conformation is not a prerequisite for binding to insulin receptor as previously suggested. In summary, this is the first example of an insulin analog featuring a fourth disulfide bond with increased structural stability and retained function.

Insulin analog with additional disulfide bond has increased stability and preserved activity.,Vinther TN, Norrman M, Ribel U, Huus K, Schlein M, Steensgaard DB, Pedersen TA, Pettersson I, Ludvigsen S, Kjeldsen T, Jensen KJ, Hubalek F Protein Sci. 2013 Mar;22(3):296-305. doi: 10.1002/pro.2211. Epub 2013 Jan 17. PMID:23281053<ref>PMID:23281053</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 4efx" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Insulin 3D Structures|Insulin 3D Structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Norrman M]]
[[Category: Vinther TN]]