View source for 4rch


==Discovery of 2-Pyridyl Ureas as Glucokinase Activators==
<StructureSection load='4rch' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4rch]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.30&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4rch]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4RCH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4RCH FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.3&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=3LZ:1-{3-[(2-ETHYLPYRIDIN-3-YL)OXY]-5-(PYRIDIN-2-YLSULFANYL)PYRIDIN-2-YL}-3-METHYLUREA'>3LZ</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GLC:ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE'>GLC</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4rch FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4rch OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4rch PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4rch RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4rch PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4rch ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN] Defects in GCK are the cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125851 125851]; also shortened MODY-2. MODY is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:1502186</ref> <ref>PMID:1464666</ref> <ref>PMID:1303265</ref> <ref>PMID:8495817</ref> <ref>PMID:8325892</ref> <ref>PMID:8446612</ref> <ref>PMID:8168652</ref> <ref>PMID:9049484</ref> <ref>PMID:10694920</ref> <ref>PMID:9662401</ref> <ref>PMID:10588527</ref> <ref>PMID:11106831</ref> <ref>PMID:11372010</ref>   Defects in GCK are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 3 (HHF3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/602485 602485]; also known as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) or congenital hyperinsulinism. HHF is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. Unless early and aggressive intervention is undertaken, brain damage from recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may occur.<ref>PMID:9435328</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN] Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Glucokinase (GK) is the rate-limiting step for insulin release from the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose. Flux through GK also contributes to reducing hepatic glucose output. Since many individuals with type 2 diabetes appear to have an inadequacy or defect in one or both of these processes, identifying compounds that can allosterically activate GK may address this issue. Herein we report the identification and initial optimization of a novel series of glucokinase activators (GKAs). Optimization led to the identification of 33 as a compound that displayed activity in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal and diabetic mice.

Discovery of 2-Pyridylureas as Glucokinase Activators.,Hinklin RJ, Aicher TD, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Boyd SA, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE Jr, Kraser CF, McVean M, Rhodes SP, Sturgis HL, Voegtli WC, Williams L, Houze JB J Med Chem. 2014 Sep 17. PMID:25203462<ref>PMID:25203462</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 4rch" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Hexokinase 3D structures|Hexokinase 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Vigers GPA]]
[[Category: Voegtli W]]