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==Crystal structure of a transcribing RNA Polymerase II complex reveals a complete transcription bubble==
<StructureSection load='5c44' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5c44]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.95&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5c44]] is a 10 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_S288C Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5C44 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5C44 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5c44 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5c44 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/5c44 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5c44 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5c44 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5c44 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
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== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RPB1_YEAST RPB1_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. In elongating Pol II, the lid loop (RPB1) appears to act as a wedge to drive apart the DNA and RNA strands at the upstream end of the transcription bubble and guide the RNA strand toward the RNA exit groove located near the base of the largely unstructured CTD domain of RPB1. The rudder loop (RPB1) interacts with single stranded DNA after separation from the RNA strand, likely preventing reassociation with the exiting RNA. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw, formed by RPB5 and portions of RBP1. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template, mainly by RPB5 direct contacts to DNA.
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Notwithstanding numerous published structures of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), structural details of Pol II engaging a complete nucleic acid scaffold have been lacking. Here, we report the structures of TFIIF-stabilized transcribing Pol II complexes, revealing the upstream duplex and full transcription bubble. The upstream duplex lies over a wedge-shaped loop from Rpb2 that engages its minor groove, providing part of the structural framework for DNA tracking during elongation. At the upstream transcription bubble fork, rudder and fork loop 1 residues spatially coordinate strand annealing and the nascent RNA transcript. At the downstream fork, a network of Pol II interactions with the non-template strand forms a rigid domain with the trigger loop (TL), allowing visualization of its open state. Overall, our observations suggest that "open/closed" conformational transitions of the TL may be linked to interactions with the non-template strand, possibly in a synchronized ratcheting manner conducive to polymerase translocation.

Crystal Structure of a Transcribing RNA Polymerase II Complex Reveals a Complete Transcription Bubble.,Barnes CO, Calero M, Malik I, Graham BW, Spahr H, Lin G, Cohen AE, Brown IS, Zhang Q, Pullara F, Trakselis MA, Kaplan CD, Calero G Mol Cell. 2015 Jul 16;59(2):258-69. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.034. PMID:26186291<ref>PMID:26186291</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 5c44" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[RNA polymerase 3D structures|RNA polymerase 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C]]
[[Category: Barnes CO]]
[[Category: Calero G]]
[[Category: Calero M]]
[[Category: Kaplan CD]]
[[Category: Malik I]]
[[Category: Pullara F]]
[[Category: Spahr H]]
[[Category: Zhang Q]]