View source for 5np0


==Closed dimer of human ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated)==
<SX load='5np0' size='340' side='right' viewer='molstar' caption='[[5np0]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 5.70&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5np0]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5NP0 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5NP0 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Electron Microscopy, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 5.7&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5np0 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5np0 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/5np0 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5np0 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5np0 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5np0 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
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== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ATM_HUMAN ATM_HUMAN] Mantle cell lymphoma;B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia;Combined cervical dystonia;Ataxia-telangiectasia;Ataxia-telangiectasia variant. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.  Defects in ATM contribute to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL) and T-prolymphocytic leukemia (TPLL). TPLL is characterized by a high white blood cell count, with a predominance of prolymphocytes, marked splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions and serous effusion. The clinical course is highly aggressive, with poor response to chemotherapy and short survival time. TPLL occurs both in adults as a sporadic disease and in younger AT patients.<ref>PMID:9288106</ref> <ref>PMID:9334731</ref> <ref>PMID:9463314</ref> <ref>PMID:9488043</ref> <ref>PMID:9573030</ref>   Defects in ATM contribute to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (BNHL), including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).<ref>PMID:10397742</ref> <ref>PMID:10706620</ref> <ref>PMID:9288106</ref>   Defects in ATM contribute to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). BCLL is the commonest form of leukemia in the elderly. It is characterized by the accumulation of mature CD5+ B-lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy, immunodeficiency and bone marrow failure.<ref>PMID:10023947</ref> <ref>PMID:10397742</ref> <ref>PMID:9892178</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ATM_HUMAN ATM_HUMAN] Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon double strand breaks (DSBs), apoptosis and genotoxic stresses such as ionizing ultraviolet A light (UVA), thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX/H2AFX at double strand breaks (DSBs), thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Also plays a role in pre-B cell allelic exclusion, a process leading to expression of a single immunoglobulin heavy chain allele to enforce clonality and monospecific recognition by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) expressed on individual B-lymphocytes. After the introduction of DNA breaks by the RAG complex on one immunoglobulin allele, acts by mediating a repositioning of the second allele to pericentromeric heterochromatin, preventing accessibility to the RAG complex and recombination of the second allele. Also involved in signal transduction and cell cycle control. May function as a tumor suppressor. Necessary for activation of ABL1 and SAPK. Phosphorylates DYRK2, CHEK2, p53/TP53, FANCD2, NFKBIA, BRCA1, CTIP, nibrin (NBN), TERF1, RAD9 and DCLRE1C. May play a role in vesicle and/or protein transport. Could play a role in T-cell development, gonad and neurological function. Plays a role in replication-dependent histone mRNA degradation. Binds DNA ends. Phosphorylation of DYRK2 in nucleus in response to genotoxic stress prevents its MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degradation. Phosphorylates ATF2 which stimulates its function in DNA damage response.<ref>PMID:10973490</ref> <ref>PMID:12556884</ref> <ref>PMID:14871926</ref> <ref>PMID:15916964</ref> <ref>PMID:16086026</ref> <ref>PMID:16858402</ref> <ref>PMID:17923702</ref> <ref>PMID:19965871</ref> 
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) best known for its role in DNA damage response. ATM also functions in oxidative stress response, insulin signaling, and neurogenesis. Our electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) suggests that human ATM is in a dynamic equilibrium between closed and open dimers. In the closed state, the PIKK regulatory domain blocks the peptide substrate-binding site, suggesting that this conformation may represent an inactive or basally active enzyme. The active site is held in this closed conformation by interaction with a long helical hairpin in the TRD3 (tetratricopeptide repeats domain 3) domain of the symmetry-related molecule. The open dimer has two protomers with only a limited contact interface, and it lacks the intermolecular interactions that block the peptide-binding site in the closed dimer. This suggests that the open conformation may be more active. The ATM structure shows the detailed topology of the regulator-interacting N-terminal helical solenoid. The ATM conformational dynamics shown by the structures represent an important step in understanding the enzyme regulation.

Structures of closed and open conformations of dimeric human ATM.,Baretic D, Pollard HK, Fisher DI, Johnson CM, Santhanam B, Truman CM, Kouba T, Fersht AR, Phillips C, Williams RL Sci Adv. 2017 May 10;3(5):e1700933. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700933. eCollection 2017, May. PMID:28508083<ref>PMID:28508083</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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== References ==
<references/>
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</SX>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Baretic D]]
[[Category: Fersht AR]]
[[Category: Fisher DI]]
[[Category: Johnson CM]]
[[Category: Kouba T]]
[[Category: Phillips C]]
[[Category: Pollard HK]]
[[Category: Santhanam B]]
[[Category: Truman CM]]
[[Category: Williams RL]]