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==TBK1 in complex with ethyl ester analog of amlexanox==
<StructureSection load='6bod' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6bod]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.20&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6bod]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6BOD OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6BOD FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 3.197&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=E0P:ethyl+2-amino-5-oxo-7-(propan-2-yl)-5H-[1]benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylate'>E0P</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6bod FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6bod OCA], [https://pdbe.org/6bod PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6bod RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6bod PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6bod ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TBK1_HUMAN TBK1_HUMAN] Serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating inflammatory responses to foreign agents. Following activation of toll-like receptors by viral or bacterial components, associates with TRAF3 and TANK and phosphorylates interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) IRF3 and IRF7 as well as DDX3X. This activity allows subsequent homodimerization and nuclear translocation of the IRFs leading to transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory and antiviral genes including IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. In order to establish such an antiviral state, TBK1 form several different complexes whose composition depends on the type of cell and cellular stimuli. Thus, several scaffolding molecules including FADD, TRADD, MAVS or SINTBAD can be recruited to the TBK1-containing-complexes. Under particular conditions, functions as a NF-kappa-B effector by phosphorylating NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha/NFKBIA, IKBKB or RELA to translocate NF-Kappa-B to the nucleus. Restricts bacterial proliferation by phosphorylating the autophagy receptor OPTN/Optineurin on 'Ser-177', thus enhancing LC3 binding affinity and antibacterial autophagy. Attenuates retroviral budding by phosphorylating the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-I (ESCRT-I) subunit VPS37C. Phosphorylates and activates AKT1. Phosphorylates Borna disease virus (BDV) P protein.<ref>PMID:10581243</ref> <ref>PMID:10783893</ref> <ref>PMID:11839743</ref> <ref>PMID:12692549</ref> <ref>PMID:12702806</ref> <ref>PMID:14703513</ref> <ref>PMID:15485837</ref> <ref>PMID:15489227</ref> <ref>PMID:15367631</ref> <ref>PMID:18583960</ref> <ref>PMID:21270402</ref> <ref>PMID:21464307</ref> <ref>PMID:21617041</ref> <ref>PMID:21138416</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity, which is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. The drug amlexanox inhibits IkappaB kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to promote energy expenditure and improve insulin sensitivity. Clinical studies have demonstrated efficacy in a subset of diabetic patients with underlying adipose tissue inflammation, albeit with moderate potency, necessitating the need for improved analogs. Herein we report crystal structures of TBK1 in complex with amlexanox and a series of analogs that modify its carboxylic acid moiety. Removal of the carboxylic acid or mutation of the adjacent Thr156 residue significantly reduces potency toward TBK1, whereas conversion to a short amide or ester nearly abolishes the inhibitory effects. IKKepsilon is less affected by these modifications, possibly due to variation in its hinge that allows for increased conformational plasticity. Installation of a tetrazole carboxylic acid bioisostere improved potency to 200 and 400 nM toward IKKepsilon and TBK1, respectively. Despite improvements in the in vitro potency, no analog produced a greater response in adipocytes than amlexanox, perhaps because of altered absorption and distribution. The structure-activity relationships and cocrystal structures described herein will aid in future structure-guided inhibitor development using the amlexanox pharmacophore for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives of Amlexanox Display Enhanced Potency toward TBK1 and IKKepsilon and Reveal Mechanisms for Selective Inhibition.,Beyett TS, Gan X, Reilly SM, Chang L, Gomez AV, Saltiel AR, Showalter HD, Tesmer JJG Mol Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;94(4):1210-1219. doi: 10.1124/mol.118.112185. Epub 2018, Aug 6. PMID:30082428<ref>PMID:30082428</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 6bod" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures|Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Beyett TS]]
[[Category: Tesmer JJG]]