View source for 6tc2


==Monoclinic human insulin in complex with p-coumaric acid==
<StructureSection load='6tc2' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6tc2]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.36&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6tc2]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6TC2 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6TC2 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.36&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=HC4:4-HYDROXYCINNAMIC+ACID'>HC4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=PO4:PHOSPHATE+ION'>PO4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SCN:THIOCYANATE+ION'>SCN</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6tc2 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6tc2 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/6tc2 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6tc2 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6tc2 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6tc2 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN] Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/176730 176730].<ref>PMID:3470784</ref> <ref>PMID:2196279</ref> <ref>PMID:4019786</ref> <ref>PMID:1601997</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125852 125852]. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/606176 606176]. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.<ref>PMID:17855560</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613370 613370]. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref> <ref>PMID:20226046</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
This study focuses on the polymorphism of human insulin (HI) upon the binding of the phenolic derivatives p-coumaric acid or trans-resveratrol over a wide pH range. The determination of the structural behaviour of HI via X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) is reported. Four distinct polymorphs were identified, two of which have not been reported previously. The intermediate phase transitions are discussed. One of the novel monoclinic polymorphs displays the highest molecular packing among insulin polymorphs of the same space group to date; its structure was elucidated by SCXRD. XRPD data collection was performed using a variety of instrumental setups and a systematic comparison of the acquired data is presented. A laboratory diffractometer was used for screening prior to high-resolution XRPD data collection on the ID22 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Additional measurements for the most representative samples were performed on the X04SA beamline at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) using the MYTHEN II detector, which allowed the detection of minor previously untraceable impurities and dramatically improved the d-spacing resolution even for poorly diffracting samples.

Insulin polymorphism induced by two polyphenols: new crystal forms and advances in macromolecular powder diffraction.,Triandafillidis DP, Parthenios N, Spiliopoulou M, Valmas A, Kosinas C, Gozzo F, Reinle-Schmitt M, Beckers D, Degen T, Pop M, Fitch AN, Wollenhaupt J, Weiss MS, Karavassili F, Margiolaki I Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2020 Nov 1;76(Pt 11):1065-1079. doi:, 10.1107/S205979832001195X. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID:33135678<ref>PMID:33135678</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 6tc2" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Beckers D]]
[[Category: Degen T]]
[[Category: Fitch A]]
[[Category: Gozzo F]]
[[Category: Karavassili F]]
[[Category: Kosinas C]]
[[Category: Margiolaki I]]
[[Category: Parthenios N]]
[[Category: Pop M]]
[[Category: Reinle-Schmitt M]]
[[Category: Spiliopoulou M]]
[[Category: Triandafillidis D-P]]
[[Category: Valmas A]]
[[Category: Weiss MS]]
[[Category: Wollenhaupt J]]