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==Crystal structure of PTEN with a tetra-phosphorylated tail (4p-crPTEN-13sp-T2, SDTTDSDPENEG)==
<StructureSection load='7juk' size='340' side='right'caption='[[7juk]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.15&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[7juk]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=7JUK OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7JUK FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 3.15&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=PO4:PHOSPHATE+ION'>PO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7juk FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=7juk OCA], [https://pdbe.org/7juk PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=7juk RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/7juk PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=7juk ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PTEN_HUMAN PTEN_HUMAN] Defects in PTEN are a cause of Cowden disease (CD) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/158350 158350]; also known as Cowden syndrome (CS). CD is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome associated with elevated risk for tumors of the breast, thyroid and skin. The predominant phenotype for CD is multiple hamartoma syndrome, in many organ systems including the breast (70% of CD patients), thyroid (40-60%), skin, CNS (40%), gastrointestinal tract. Affected individuals are at an increased risk of both breast and thyroid cancers. Trichilemmomas (benign tumors of the hair follicle infundibulum), and mucocutaneous papillomatosis (99%) are hallmarks of CD.<ref>PMID:9256433</ref> <ref>PMID:9811831</ref> <ref>PMID:9345101</ref> <ref>PMID:9399897</ref> <ref>PMID:9259288</ref> <ref>PMID:9140396</ref> <ref>PMID:9797362</ref> <ref>PMID:9600246</ref> <ref>PMID:9467011</ref> <ref>PMID:9735393</ref> <ref>PMID:9832031</ref> <ref>PMID:9425889</ref> <ref>PMID:9915974</ref> <ref>PMID:10051160</ref> <ref>PMID:10234502</ref> <ref>PMID:10866302</ref> <ref>PMID:11230179</ref> <ref>PMID:11494117</ref>   Defects in PTEN are the cause of Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/158350 158350]; also known as cerebelloparenchymal disorder VI. LDD is characterized by dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum which often results in cerebellar signs and seizures. LDD and CD seem to be the same entity, and are considered as hamartoma-neoplasia syndromes.  Defects in PTEN are a cause of Bannayan-Zonana syndrome (BZS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/153480 153480]; also known as Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome (RMSS) or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS). In BZS there seems not to be an increased risk of malignancy. It has a partial clinical overlap with CD. BZS is characterized by the classic triad of macrocephaly, lipomatosis and pigmented macules of the gland penis.<ref>PMID:9467011</ref> <ref>PMID:10866302</ref> <ref>PMID:11494117</ref> <ref>PMID:9241266</ref> <ref>PMID:10400993</ref>   Defects in PTEN are a cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/275355 275355]; also known as squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.<ref>PMID:11801303</ref>   Defects in PTEN are a cause of susceptibility to endometrial cancer (ENDMC) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/608089 608089].  Note=PTEN mutations are found in a subset of patients with Proteus syndrome, a genetically heterogeneous condition. The molecular diagnosis of PTEN mutation positive cases classifies Proteus syndrome patients as part of the PTEN hamartoma syndrome spectrum. As such, patients surviving the early years of Proteus syndrome are likely at a greater risk of developing malignancies.  Defects in PTEN are a cause of susceptibility to glioma type 2 (GLM2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613028 613028]. Gliomas are central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells and comprise astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas.  Defects in PTEN are a cause of VACTERL association with hydrocephalus (VACTERL-H) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/276950 276950]. VACTERL is an acronym for vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, congenital cardiac disease, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, radial dysplasia, and other limb defects.  Defects in PTEN may be a cause of susceptibility to prostate cancer (PC) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/176807 176807]. It is a malignancy originating in tissues of the prostate. Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop in the acini of the prostatic ducts. Other rare histopathologic types of prostate cancer that occur in approximately 5% of patients include small cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, prostatic ductal carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma (basaloid), signet-ring cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma.  Defects in PTEN are a cause of macrocephaly/autism syndrome (MCEPHAS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/605309 605309]. Patients have autism spectrum disorders and macrocephaly, with head circumferences ranging from +2.5 to +8 SD for age and sex (average head circumference +4.0 SD).<ref>PMID:15805158</ref>   Note=A microdeletion of chromosome 10q23 involving BMPR1A and PTEN is a cause of chromosome 10q23 deletion syndrome, which shows overlapping features of the following three disorders: Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, Cowden disease and juvenile polyposis syndrome.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PTEN_HUMAN PTEN_HUMAN] Tumor suppressor. Acts as a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, dephosphorylating tyrosine-, serine- and threonine-phosphorylated proteins. Also acts as a lipid phosphatase, removing the phosphate in the D3 position of the inositol ring from phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with order of substrate preference in vitro PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 > PtdIns(3,4)P2 > PtdIns3P > Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. The lipid phosphatase activity is critical for its tumor suppressor function. Antagonizes the PI3K-AKT/PKB signaling pathway by dephosphorylating phosphoinositides and thereby modulating cell cycle progression and cell survival. The unphosphorylated form cooperates with AIP1 to suppress AKT1 activation. Dephosphorylates tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase and inhibits cell migration and integrin-mediated cell spreading and focal adhesion formation. Plays a role as a key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation. May be a negative regulator of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue. The nuclear monoubiquitinated form possesses greater apoptotic potential, whereas the cytoplasmic nonubiquitinated form induces less tumor suppressive ability.<ref>PMID:9187108</ref> <ref>PMID:9256433</ref> <ref>PMID:9593664</ref> <ref>PMID:9811831</ref> <ref>PMID:9616126</ref> <ref>PMID:10468583</ref> <ref>PMID:11707428</ref> <ref>PMID:18716620</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phospholipid phosphatase that is commonly mutated or silenced in cancer. PTEN's catalytic activity, cellular membrane localization and stability are orchestrated by a cluster of C-terminal phosphorylation (phospho-C-tail) events on Ser380, Thr382, Thr383 and Ser385, but the molecular details of this multi-faceted regulation have remained uncertain. Here we use a combination of protein semisynthesis, biochemical analysis, NMR, X-ray crystallography and computational simulations on human PTEN and its sea squirt homolog, VSP, to obtain a detailed picture of how the phospho-C-tail forms a belt around the C2 and phosphatase domains of PTEN. We also visualize a previously proposed dynamic N-terminal alpha-helix and show that it is key for PTEN catalysis but disordered upon phospho-C-tail interaction. This structural model provides a comprehensive framework for how C-tail phosphorylation can impact PTEN's cellular functions.

The structural basis of PTEN regulation by multi-site phosphorylation.,Dempsey DR, Viennet T, Iwase R, Park E, Henriquez S, Chen Z, Jeliazkov JR, Palanski BA, Phan KL, Coote P, Gray JJ, Eck MJ, Gabelli SB, Arthanari H, Cole PA Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2021 Oct;28(10):858-868. doi: 10.1038/s41594-021-00668-5., Epub 2021 Oct 8. PMID:34625746<ref>PMID:34625746</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 7juk" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Cole P]]
[[Category: Dempsey D]]
[[Category: Gabelli SB]]
[[Category: Phan K]]