View source for 7mqs


==The insulin receptor ectodomain in complex with three venom hybrid insulin molecules - asymmetric conformation==
<StructureSection load='7mqs' size='340' side='right'caption='[[7mqs]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 4.40&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[7mqs]] is a 8 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=7MQS OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7MQS FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Electron Microscopy, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 4.4&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7mqs FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=7mqs OCA], [https://pdbe.org/7mqs PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=7mqs RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/7mqs PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=7mqs ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref>   Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref>   Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref>   Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/256450 256450], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref>   Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Cone snail venoms contain a wide variety of bioactive peptides, including insulin-like molecules with distinct structural features, binding modes and biochemical properties. Here, we report an active humanized cone snail venom insulin with an elongated A chain and a truncated B chain, and use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and protein engineering to elucidate its interactions with the human insulin receptor (IR) ectodomain. We reveal how an extended A chain can compensate for deletion of B-chain residues, which are essential for activity of human insulin but also compromise therapeutic utility by delaying dissolution from the site of subcutaneous injection. This finding suggests approaches to developing improved therapeutic insulins. Curiously, the receptor displays a continuum of conformations from the symmetric state to a highly asymmetric low-abundance structure that displays coordination of a single humanized venom insulin using elements from both of the previously characterized site 1 and site 2 interactions.

Symmetric and asymmetric receptor conformation continuum induced by a new insulin.,Xiong X, Blakely A, Kim JH, Menting JG, Schafer IB, Schubert HL, Agrawal R, Gutmann T, Delaine C, Zhang YW, Artik GO, Merriman A, Eckert D, Lawrence MC, Coskun U, Fisher SJ, Forbes BE, Safavi-Hemami H, Hill CP, Chou DH Nat Chem Biol. 2022 May;18(5):511-519. doi: 10.1038/s41589-022-00981-0. Epub 2022 , Mar 14. PMID:35289328<ref>PMID:35289328</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 7mqs" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Insulin 3D Structures|Insulin 3D Structures]]
*[[Insulin receptor 3D structures|Insulin receptor 3D structures]]
*[[Ribosome biogenesis protein 3D structures|Ribosome biogenesis protein 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Agrawal R]]
[[Category: Artik GO]]
[[Category: Blakely AD]]
[[Category: Chou DHC]]
[[Category: Coskun U]]
[[Category: Delaine C]]
[[Category: Eckert D]]
[[Category: Fisher SJ]]
[[Category: Forbes BE]]
[[Category: Gutmann T]]
[[Category: Hill CP]]
[[Category: Kim JH]]
[[Category: Lawrence MC]]
[[Category: Menting J]]
[[Category: Merriman A]]
[[Category: Safavi-Hemami H]]
[[Category: Schafer IB]]
[[Category: Schubert HL]]
[[Category: Xiong X]]
[[Category: Zhang Y]]