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==Structure of activin A in complex with an ActRIIB-Alk4 fusion reveal insight into activin receptor interactions==
<StructureSection load='7oly' size='340' side='right'caption='[[7oly]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.27&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[7oly]] is a 5 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=7OLY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7OLY FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 3.265&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=MAN:ALPHA-D-MANNOSE'>MAN</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7oly FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=7oly OCA], [https://pdbe.org/7oly PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=7oly RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/7oly PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=7oly ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AVR2B_HUMAN AVR2B_HUMAN] Defects in ACVR2B are the cause of visceral heterotaxy autosomal type 4 (HTX4) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613751 613751]. A form of visceral heterotaxy, a complex disorder due to disruption of the normal left-right asymmetry of the thoracoabdominal organs. It results in an abnormal arrangement of visceral organs, and a wide variety of congenital defects. Clinical features of visceral heterotaxy type 4 include dextrocardia, right aortic arch and a right-sided spleen, anomalies of the inferior and the superior vena cava, atrial ventricular canal defect with dextro-transposed great arteries, pulmonary stenosis, polysplenia and midline liver.<ref>PMID:9916847</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AVR2B_HUMAN AVR2B_HUMAN] Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase activin type-2 receptor forming an activin receptor complex with activin type-1 serine/threonine kinase receptors (ACVR1, ACVR1B or ACVR1c). Transduces the activin signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating many physiological and pathological processes including neuronal differentiation and neuronal survival, hair follicle development and cycling, FSH production by the pituitary gland, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. Activin is also thought to have a paracrine or autocrine role in follicular development in the ovary. Within the receptor complex, the type-2 receptors act as a primary activin receptors (binds activin-A/INHBA, activin-B/INHBB as well as inhibin-A/INHA-INHBA). The type-1 receptors like ACVR1B act as downstream transducers of activin signals. Activin binds to type-2 receptor at the plasma membrane and activates its serine-threonine kinase. The activated receptor type-2 then phosphorylates and activates the type-1 receptor. Once activated, the type-1 receptor binds and phosphorylates the SMAD proteins SMAD2 and SMAD3, on serine residues of the C-terminal tail. Soon after their association with the activin receptor and subsequent phosphorylation, SMAD2 and SMAD3 are released into the cytoplasm where they interact with the common partner SMAD4. This SMAD complex translocates into the nucleus where it mediates activin-induced transcription. Inhibitory SMAD7, which is recruited to ACVR1B through FKBP1A, can prevent the association of SMAD2 and SMAD3 with the activin receptor complex, thereby blocking the activin signal. Activin signal transduction is also antagonized by the binding to the receptor of inhibin-B via the IGSF1 inhibin coreceptor.<ref>PMID:8622651</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The 30+ unique ligands of the TGFbeta family signal by forming complexes using different combinations of type I and type II receptors. Therapeutically, the extracellular domain of a single receptor fused to an Fc molecule can effectively neutralize subsets of ligands. Increased ligand specificity can be accomplished by using the extracellular domains of both the type I and type II receptor to mimic the naturally occurring signaling complex. Here, we report the structure of one "type II-type I-Fc" fusion, ActRIIB-Alk4-Fc, in complex with two TGFbeta family ligands, ActA, and GDF11, providing a snapshot of this therapeutic platform. The study reveals that extensive contacts are formed by both receptors, replicating the ternary signaling complex, despite the inherent low affinity of Alk4. Our study shows that low-affinity type I interactions support altered ligand specificity and can be visualized at the molecular level using this platform.

Structures of activin ligand traps using natural sets of type I and type II TGFbeta receptors.,Goebel EJ, Kattamuri C, Gipson GR, Krishnan L, Chavez M, Czepnik M, Maguire MC, Grenha R, Hakansson M, Logan DT, Grinberg AV, Sako D, Castonguay R, Kumar R, Thompson TB iScience. 2021 Dec 9;25(1):103590. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103590. eCollection , 2022 Jan 21. PMID:35005539<ref>PMID:35005539</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 7oly" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Castonguay R]]
[[Category: Hakansson M]]
[[Category: Krishnan L]]
[[Category: Logan DT]]
[[Category: Rose NC]]