View source for 7pxz


==Reduced form of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease determined by XFEL radiation==
<StructureSection load='7pxz' size='340' side='right'caption='[[7pxz]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.75&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[7pxz]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=7PXZ OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7PXZ FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.75&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CL:CHLORIDE+ION'>CL</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=7pxz FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=7pxz OCA], [https://pdbe.org/7pxz PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=7pxz RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/7pxz PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=7pxz ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/R1AB_SARS2 R1AB_SARS2] Multifunctional protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs. Contains the proteinases responsible for the cleavages of the polyprotein.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Inhibits host translation by interacting with the 40S ribosomal subunit. The nsp1-40S ribosome complex further induces an endonucleolytic cleavage near the 5'UTR of host mRNAs, targeting them for degradation. Viral mRNAs are not susceptible to nsp1-mediated endonucleolytic RNA cleavage thanks to the presence of a 5'-end leader sequence and are therefore protected from degradation. By suppressing host gene expression, nsp1 facilitates efficient viral gene expression in infected cells and evasion from host immune response.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  May play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Responsible for the cleavages located at the N-terminus of the replicase polyprotein. In addition, PL-PRO possesses a deubiquitinating/deISGylating activity and processes both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains from cellular substrates. Participates together with nsp4 in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication. Antagonizes innate immune induction of type I interferon by blocking the phosphorylation, dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of host IRF3. Prevents also host NF-kappa-B signaling.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Participates in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Cleaves the C-terminus of replicase polyprotein at 11 sites. Recognizes substrates containing the core sequence [ILMVF]-Q-|-[SGACN] (PubMed:32198291). Also able to bind an ADP-ribose-1''-phosphate (ADRP).[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]<ref>PMID:32198291</ref>   Plays a role in the initial induction of autophagosomes from host reticulum endoplasmic. Later, limits the expansion of these phagosomes that are no longer able to deliver viral components to lysosomes.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  May participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Plays a pivotal role in viral transcription by stimulating both nsp14 3'-5' exoribonuclease and nsp16 2'-O-methyltransferase activities. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Responsible for replication and transcription of the viral RNA genome.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Multi-functional protein with a zinc-binding domain in N-terminus displaying RNA and DNA duplex-unwinding activities with 5' to 3' polarity. Activity of helicase is dependent on magnesium.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Enzyme possessing two different activities: an exoribonuclease activity acting on both ssRNA and dsRNA in a 3' to 5' direction and a N7-guanine methyltransferase activity. Acts as a proofreading exoribonuclease for RNA replication, thereby lowering The sensitivity of the virus to RNA mutagens.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Mn(2+)-dependent, uridylate-specific enzyme, which leaves 2'-3'-cyclic phosphates 5' to the cleaved bond.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of viral mRNAs. N7-methyl guanosine cap is a prerequisite for binding of nsp16. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation which is essential to evade immune system.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The main protease (M(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for viral function and a key drug target. M(pro) is only active when reduced; turnover ceases upon oxidation but is restored by re-reduction. This suggests the system has evolved to survive periods in an oxidative environment, but the mechanism of this protection has not been confirmed. Here, we report a crystal structure of oxidized M(pro) showing a disulfide bond between the active site cysteine, C145, and a distal cysteine, C117. Previous work proposed this disulfide provides the mechanism of protection from irreversible oxidation. M(pro) forms an obligate homodimer, and the C117-C145 structure shows disruption of interactions bridging the dimer interface, implying a correlation between oxidation and dimerization. We confirm dimer stability is weakened in solution upon oxidation. Finally, we observe the protein's crystallization behavior is linked to its redox state. Oxidized M(pro) spontaneously forms a distinct, more loosely packed lattice. Seeding with crystals of this lattice yields a structure with an oxidation pattern incorporating one cysteine-lysine-cysteine (SONOS) and two lysine-cysteine (NOS) bridges. These structures further our understanding of the oxidative regulation of M(pro) and the crystallization conditions necessary to study this structurally.

SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) responds to oxidation by forming disulfide and NOS/SONOS bonds.,Reinke PYA, Schubert R, Oberthur D, Galchenkova M, Rahmani Mashhour A, Gunther S, Chretien A, Round A, Seychell BC, Norton-Baker B, Kim C, Schmidt C, Koua FHM, Tolstikova A, Ewert W, Pena Murillo GE, Mills G, Kirkwood H, Brognaro H, Han H, Koliyadu J, Schulz J, Bielecki J, Lieske J, Maracke J, Knoska J, Lorenzen K, Brings L, Sikorski M, Kloos M, Vakili M, Vagovic P, Middendorf P, de Wijn R, Bean R, Letrun R, Han S, Falke S, Geng T, Sato T, Srinivasan V, Kim Y, Yefanov OM, Gelisio L, Beck T, Dore AS, Mancuso AP, Betzel C, Bajt S, Redecke L, Chapman HN, Meents A, Turk D, Hinrichs W, Lane TJ Nat Commun. 2024 May 7;15(1):3827. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48109-3. PMID:38714735<ref>PMID:38714735</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 7pxz" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]]
[[Category: Bajt S]]
[[Category: Bean R]]
[[Category: Beck T]]
[[Category: Betzel C]]
[[Category: Bielecki J]]
[[Category: Brings L]]
[[Category: Brognaro H]]
[[Category: Chapman HN]]
[[Category: Chretien A]]
[[Category: Dore AS]]
[[Category: Galchenkova M]]
[[Category: Gelisio L]]
[[Category: Geng T]]
[[Category: Guenther S]]
[[Category: Han H]]
[[Category: Han S]]
[[Category: Hinrichs W]]
[[Category: Kim C]]
[[Category: Kim Y]]
[[Category: Kirkwood H]]
[[Category: Kloos M]]
[[Category: Knoska J]]
[[Category: Koliyadu J]]
[[Category: Lane TJ]]
[[Category: Letrun R]]
[[Category: Lorenzen K]]
[[Category: Mancuso AP]]
[[Category: Maracke J]]
[[Category: Meents A]]
[[Category: Middendorf P]]
[[Category: Mills G]]
[[Category: Murillo GEP]]
[[Category: Norton-Baker B]]
[[Category: Oberthuer D]]
[[Category: Redecke L]]
[[Category: Reinke P]]
[[Category: Round A]]
[[Category: Sato T]]
[[Category: Schmidt C]]
[[Category: Schubert R]]
[[Category: Seychell BC]]
[[Category: Sikorski M]]
[[Category: Srinivasan V]]
[[Category: Turk D]]
[[Category: Uetrecht C]]
[[Category: Vagovic P]]
[[Category: Vakilii M]]
[[Category: White TA]]
[[Category: Yefanov ON]]
[[Category: De-Wijn R]]