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==Structure of the Ancestral Scaffold Antigen-6 of Coronavirus Spike protein==
<StructureSection load='8ajl' size='340' side='right'caption='[[8ajl]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.77&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[8ajl]] is a 3 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_virus_T4 Escherichia virus T4] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=8AJL OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8AJL FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Electron Microscopy, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.77&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8ajl FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=8ajl OCA], [https://pdbe.org/8ajl PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=8ajl RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/8ajl PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=8ajl ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/WAC_BPT4 WAC_BPT4] Chaperone responsible for attachment of long tail fibers to virus particle. Forms the fibrous structure on the neck of the virion called whiskers. During phage assembly, 6 fibritin molecules attach to each virion neck through their N-terminal domains, to form a collar with six fibers ('whiskers').[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SPIKE_SARS2 SPIKE_SARS2] attaches the virion to the cell membrane by interacting with host receptor, initiating the infection (By similarity). Binding to human ACE2 receptor and internalization of the virus into the endosomes of the host cell induces conformational changes in the Spike glycoprotein (PubMed:32142651, PubMed:32075877, PubMed:32155444). Uses also human TMPRSS2 for priming in human lung cells which is an essential step for viral entry (PubMed:32142651). Proteolysis by cathepsin CTSL may unmask the fusion peptide of S2 and activate membranes fusion within endosomes.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04099]<ref>PMID:32075877</ref> <ref>PMID:32142651</ref> <ref>PMID:32155444</ref>   mediates fusion of the virion and cellular membranes by acting as a class I viral fusion protein. Under the current model, the protein has at least three conformational states: pre-fusion native state, pre-hairpin intermediate state, and post-fusion hairpin state. During viral and target cell membrane fusion, the coiled coil regions (heptad repeats) assume a trimer-of-hairpins structure, positioning the fusion peptide in close proximity to the C-terminal region of the ectodomain. The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04099]  Acts as a viral fusion peptide which is unmasked following S2 cleavage occurring upon virus endocytosis.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04099]
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
We report the application of ancestral sequence reconstruction on coronavirus spike protein, resulting in stable and highly soluble ancestral scaffold antigens (AnSAs). The AnSAs interact with plasma of patients recovered from COVID-19 but do not bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Cryo-EM analysis of the AnSAs yield high resolution structures (2.6-2.8 A) indicating a closed pre-fusion conformation in which all three receptor-binding domains (RBDs) are facing downwards. The structures reveal an intricate hydrogen-bonding network mediated by well-resolved loops, both within and across monomers, tethering the N-terminal domain and RBD together. We show that AnSA-5 can induce and boost a broad-spectrum immune response against the wild-type RBD as well as circulating variants of concern in an immune organoid model derived from tonsils. Finally, we highlight how AnSAs are potent scaffolds by replacing the ancestral RBD with the wild-type sequence, which restores ACE2 binding and increases the interaction with convalescent plasma.

Design, structure and plasma binding of ancestral beta-CoV scaffold antigens.,Hueting D, Schriever K, Sun R, Vlachiotis S, Zuo F, Du L, Persson H, Hofstrom C, Ohlin M, Wallden K, Buggert M, Hammarstrom L, Marcotte H, Pan-Hammarstrom Q, Andrell J, Syren PO Nat Commun. 2023 Oct 16;14(1):6527. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42200-x. PMID:37845250<ref>PMID:37845250</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 8ajl" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Escherichia virus T4]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus]]
[[Category: Andrell J]]
[[Category: Hueting D]]
[[Category: Schriever K]]
[[Category: Syren PO]]
[[Category: Wallden K]]