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==Spider toxin Pha1b (PnTx3-6) from Phoneutria nigriventer targeting CaV2.x calcium channels and TRPA1 channel==
<StructureSection load='8bwb' size='340' side='right'caption='[[8bwb]]' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[8bwb]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneutria_nigriventer Phoneutria nigriventer]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=8BWB OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8BWB FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR, 20 models</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8bwb FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=8bwb OCA], [https://pdbe.org/8bwb PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=8bwb RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/8bwb PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=8bwb ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
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== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/TX90B_PHONI TX90B_PHONI] Potent blocker of nociceptor cation channels TRPA1 and high voltage-activated calcium channels (PubMed:12470700, PubMed:15933156, PubMed:27759880). It acts mainly on P/Q-type (Cav2.1/CACNA1A) calcium channels and has a minor effect on L- (Cav1/CACNA1) and N-type (Cav2.2/CACNA1B) calcium channels (PubMed:12470700, PubMed:15933156). Blocks glutamate release in synaptic transmission mediated by calcium channels (PubMed:12470700). The toxin also inhibits the KCl-induced increase of intrasynaptosomal free calcium (PubMed:12470700). It also shows antiproliferative effects on different glioma cell lines (M059J, U-138MG and U-251MG) (PubMed:28202361). In vivo, it shows analgesic effects in rodent models of pain (PubMed:18774645). In addition, it selectively blocks nocifensive responses evoked by reactive TRPA1 channel agonist (PubMed:27759880). Furthermore, it also reduces the TRPA1 channel-dependent hyperalgesia in a model of neuropathic pain induced by the chemotherapeutic agent BTZ (PubMed:27759880). In addition, it causes reduction of tumor area in the mouse glioma model, that is induced by the orthotopic injection of GL261 cells into the brain (PubMed:28202361).<ref>PMID:12470700</ref> <ref>PMID:15933156</ref> <ref>PMID:18774645</ref> <ref>PMID:28202361</ref> 
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Phalpha1beta (PnTx3-6) is a neurotoxin from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer venom, originally identified as an antagonist of two ion channels involved in nociception: N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (Ca(V)2.2) and TRPA1. In animal models, Phalpha1beta administration reduces both acute and chronic pain. Here, we report the efficient bacterial expression system for the recombinant production of Phalpha1beta and its (15)N-labeled analogue. Spatial structure and dynamics of Phalpha1beta were determined via NMR spectroscopy. The N-terminal domain (Ala1-Ala40) contains the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK or knottin) motif, which is common to spider neurotoxins. The C-terminal alpha-helix (Asn41-Cys52) stapled to ICK by two disulfides exhibits the micros-ms time-scale fluctuations. The Phalpha1beta structure with the disulfide bond patterns Cys1-5, Cys2-7, Cys3-12, Cys4-10, Cys6-11, Cys8-9 is the first spider knottin with six disulfide bridges in one ICK domain, and is a good reference to other toxins from the ctenitoxin family. Phalpha1beta has a large hydrophobic region on its surface and demonstrates a moderate affinity for partially anionic lipid vesicles at low salt conditions. Surprisingly, 10 microM Phalpha1beta significantly increases the amplitude of diclofenac-evoked currents and does not affect the allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)-evoked currents through the rat TRPA1 channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Targeting several unrelated ion channels, membrane binding, and the modulation of TRPA1 channel activity allow for considering Phalpha1beta as a gating modifier toxin, probably interacting with S1-S4 gating domains from a membrane-bound state.

Recombinant Production, NMR Solution Structure, and Membrane Interaction of the Phalpha1beta Toxin, a TRPA1 Modulator from the Brazilian Armed Spider Phoneutria nigriventer.,Lyukmanova EN, Mironov PA, Kulbatskii DS, Shulepko MA, Paramonov AS, Chernaya EM, Logashina YA, Andreev YA, Kirpichnikov MP, Shenkarev ZO Toxins (Basel). 2023 Jun 3;15(6):378. doi: 10.3390/toxins15060378. PMID:37368679<ref>PMID:37368679</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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== References ==
<references/>
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</StructureSection>
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Phoneutria nigriventer]]
[[Category: Chernaya EM]]
[[Category: Mironov PA]]
[[Category: Paramonov AS]]
[[Category: Shenkarev ZO]]