View source for 8p57


==Crystal structure of the main protease (3CLpro/Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 obtained in presence of 75 micromolar X77.==
<StructureSection load='8p57' size='340' side='right'caption='[[8p57]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.60&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[8p57]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=8P57 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8P57 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.6&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CL:CHLORIDE+ION'>CL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=EDO:1,2-ETHANEDIOL'>EDO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NA:SODIUM+ION'>NA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=X77:~{N}-(4-~{tert}-butylphenyl)-~{N}-[(1~{R})-2-(cyclohexylamino)-2-oxidanylidene-1-pyridin-3-yl-ethyl]-1~{H}-imidazole-4-carboxamide'>X77</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8p57 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=8p57 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/8p57 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=8p57 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/8p57 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=8p57 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/R1AB_SARS2 R1AB_SARS2] Multifunctional protein involved in the transcription and replication of viral RNAs. Contains the proteinases responsible for the cleavages of the polyprotein.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Inhibits host translation by interacting with the 40S ribosomal subunit. The nsp1-40S ribosome complex further induces an endonucleolytic cleavage near the 5'UTR of host mRNAs, targeting them for degradation. Viral mRNAs are not susceptible to nsp1-mediated endonucleolytic RNA cleavage thanks to the presence of a 5'-end leader sequence and are therefore protected from degradation. By suppressing host gene expression, nsp1 facilitates efficient viral gene expression in infected cells and evasion from host immune response.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  May play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Responsible for the cleavages located at the N-terminus of the replicase polyprotein. In addition, PL-PRO possesses a deubiquitinating/deISGylating activity and processes both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains from cellular substrates. Participates together with nsp4 in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication. Antagonizes innate immune induction of type I interferon by blocking the phosphorylation, dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of host IRF3. Prevents also host NF-kappa-B signaling.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Participates in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Cleaves the C-terminus of replicase polyprotein at 11 sites. Recognizes substrates containing the core sequence [ILMVF]-Q-|-[SGACN] (PubMed:32198291). Also able to bind an ADP-ribose-1''-phosphate (ADRP).[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]<ref>PMID:32198291</ref>   Plays a role in the initial induction of autophagosomes from host reticulum endoplasmic. Later, limits the expansion of these phagosomes that are no longer able to deliver viral components to lysosomes.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  May participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Plays a pivotal role in viral transcription by stimulating both nsp14 3'-5' exoribonuclease and nsp16 2'-O-methyltransferase activities. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Responsible for replication and transcription of the viral RNA genome.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Multi-functional protein with a zinc-binding domain in N-terminus displaying RNA and DNA duplex-unwinding activities with 5' to 3' polarity. Activity of helicase is dependent on magnesium.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Enzyme possessing two different activities: an exoribonuclease activity acting on both ssRNA and dsRNA in a 3' to 5' direction and a N7-guanine methyltransferase activity. Acts as a proofreading exoribonuclease for RNA replication, thereby lowering The sensitivity of the virus to RNA mutagens.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Mn(2+)-dependent, uridylate-specific enzyme, which leaves 2'-3'-cyclic phosphates 5' to the cleaved bond.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]  Methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of viral mRNAs. N7-methyl guanosine cap is a prerequisite for binding of nsp16. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation which is essential to evade immune system.[UniProtKB:P0C6X7]
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Many homodimeric enzymes tune their functions by exploiting either negative or positive cooperativity between subunits. In the SARS-CoV-2 Main protease (Mpro) homodimer, the latter has been suggested by symmetry in most of the 500 reported protease/ligand complex structures solved by macromolecular crystallography (MX). Here we apply the latter to both covalent and noncovalent ligands in complex with Mpro. Strikingly, our experiments show that the occupation of both active sites of the dimer originates from an excess of ligands. Indeed, cocrystals obtained using a 1:1 ligand/protomer stoichiometry lead to single occupation only. The empty binding site exhibits a catalytically inactive geometry in solution, as suggested by molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, Mpro operates through negative cooperativity with the asymmetric activity of the catalytic sites. This allows it to function with a wide range of substrate concentrations, making it resistant to saturation and potentially difficult to shut down, all properties advantageous for the virus' adaptability and resistance.

Unexpected Single-Ligand Occupancy and Negative Cooperativity in the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.,Albani S, Costanzi E, Hoang GL, Kuzikov M, Frings M, Ansari N, Demitri N, Nguyen TT, Rizzi V, Schulz JB, Bolm C, Zaliani A, Carloni P, Storici P, Rossetti G J Chem Inf Model. 2024 Feb 12;64(3):892-904. doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01497. Epub , 2023 Dec 5. PMID:38051605<ref>PMID:38051605</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 8p57" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]]
[[Category: Costanzi E]]
[[Category: Demitri N]]
[[Category: Storici P]]