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==Dual receptor-binding, infectivity, and transmissibility of an emerging H2N2 avian influenza virus==
<StructureSection load='8xrd' size='340' side='right'caption='[[8xrd]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.87&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[8xrd]] is a 3 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus Influenza A virus]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=8XRD OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8XRD FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Electron Microscopy, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.87&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GAL:BETA-D-GALACTOSE'>GAL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SIA:O-SIALIC+ACID'>SIA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=8xrd FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=8xrd OCA], [https://pdbe.org/8xrd PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=8xrd RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/8xrd PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=8xrd ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A024CWY9_9INFA A0A024CWY9_9INFA] Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. This attachment induces virion internalization either through clathrin-dependent endocytosis or through clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04072]  Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. This attachment induces virion internalization of about two third of the virus particles through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and about one third through a clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore.[RuleBase:RU003324]
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The 1957 H2N2 influenza pandemic virus [A(H2N2)pdm1957] has disappeared from humans since 1968, while H2N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are still circulating in birds. It is necessary to reveal the recurrence risk and potential cross-species infection of these AIVs from avian to mammals. We find that H2 AIVs circulating in domestic poultry in China have genetic and antigenic differences compared to the A(H2N2)pdm1957. One H2N2 AIV has a dual receptor-binding property similar to that of the A(H2N2)pdm1957. Molecular and structural studies reveal that the N144S, and N144E or R137M substitutions in hemagglutinin (HA) enable H2N2 avian or human viruses to bind or preferentially bind human-type receptor. The H2N2 AIV rapidly adapts to mice (female) and acquires mammalian-adapted mutations that facilitated transmission in guinea pigs and ferrets (female). These findings on the receptor-binding, infectivity, transmission, and mammalian-adaptation characteristics of H2N2 AIVs provide a reference for early-warning and prevention for this subtype.

Dual receptor-binding, infectivity, and transmissibility of an emerging H2N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus.,Sun J, Zheng T, Jia M, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Yang P, Xie Y, Sun H, Tong Q, Li J, Yang J, Fu G, Shi Y, Qi J, Liu W, Liu J, Tian WX, Gao GF, Bi Y Nat Commun. 2024 Nov 19;15(1):10012. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54374-z. PMID:39562538<ref>PMID:39562538</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 8xrd" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Influenza A virus]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Sun J]]
[[Category: Zheng TY]]