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==Crystal structure of engineered Ipilimumab (mipi.4) Fab in complex with human CTLA-4==
<StructureSection load='9dq3' size='340' side='right'caption='[[9dq3]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.64&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[9dq3]] is a 3 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=9DQ3 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9DQ3 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.64&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9dq3 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=9dq3 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/9dq3 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=9dq3 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/9dq3 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=9dq3 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CTLA4_HUMAN CTLA4_HUMAN] Genetic variation in CTLA4 influences susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/152700 152700]. SLE is a chronic, inflammatory and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue. It affects principally the skin, joints, kidneys and serosal membranes. SLE is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system.<ref>PMID:10924276</ref>   Note=Genetic variations in CTLA4 may influence susceptibility to Graves disease, an autoimmune disorder associated with overactivity of the thyroid gland and hyperthyroidism.<ref>PMID:10924276</ref>   Genetic variation in CTLA4 is the cause of susceptibility to diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 12 (IDDM12) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/601388 601388]. A multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.<ref>PMID:10924276</ref> <ref>PMID:9259273</ref>   Genetic variation in CTLA4 is the cause of susceptibility to celiac disease type 3 (CELIAC3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609755 609755]. It is a multifactorial disorder of the small intestine that is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. It is characterized by malabsorption resulting from inflammatory injury to the mucosa of the small intestine after the ingestion of wheat gluten or related rye and barley proteins. In its classic form, celiac disease is characterized in children by malabsorption and failure to thrive.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CTLA4_HUMAN CTLA4_HUMAN] Inhibitory receptor acting as a major negative regulator of T-cell responses. The affinity of CTLA4 for its natural B7 family ligands, CD80 and CD86, is considerably stronger than the affinity of their cognate stimulatory coreceptor CD28.<ref>PMID:1714933</ref> <ref>PMID:16551244</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Testing of candidate monoclonal antibody therapeutics in preclinical models is an essential step in drug development. Identification of antibody therapeutic candidates that bind their human targets and cross-react to mouse orthologs is often challenging, especially for targets with low sequence homology. In such cases, surrogate antibodies that bind mouse orthologs must be used. The antibody 9D9, which binds mouse CTLA-4, is a commonly used surrogate for CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade studies in mouse cancer models. In this work, we reveal that 9D9 has significant biophysical dissimilarities to therapeutic CTLA-4 antibodies. The 9D9-mCTLA4 complex crystal structure was determined and shows that the surrogate antibody binds an epitope distinct from ipilimumab and tremelimumab. In addition, while ipilimumab has pH-independent binding to hCTLA-4, 9D9 loses binding to mCTLA-4 at physiologically relevant acidic pH ranges. We used phage and yeast display to engineer ipilimumab to bind mouse CTLA-4 with single-digit nM affinity from an initial state with no apparent binding. The engineered variants showed pH-independent and cross-reactive binding to both mouse and human CTLA-4. Crystal structures of a variant in complex with both mouse and human CTLA-4 confirmed that it targets an equivalent epitope as ipilimumab. These cross-reactive ipilimumab variants may facilitate improved translatability and future mechanism-of-action studies for anti-CTLA-4 targeting in murine models.

Engineered ipilimumab variants that bind human and mouse CTLA-4.,Robison B, Diong SJ, Kumar A, Moon TM, Chang O, Chau B, Bee C, Barman I, Rajpal A, Korman AJ, West S, Strop P, Lee PS MAbs. 2025 Dec;17(1):2451296. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2025.2451296. Epub 2025 Jan , 24. PMID:39849917<ref>PMID:39849917</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 9dq3" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
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</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Diong SJ]]
[[Category: Lee PS]]