View source for 9eko


==A chimeric hybrid protein fused with the FGFR3 Transmembrane Domain==
<StructureSection load='9eko' size='340' side='right'caption='[[9eko]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.90&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[9eko]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=9EKO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9EKO FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.901&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GLC:ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE'>GLC</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=PRD_900001:alpha-maltose'>PRD_900001</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9eko FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=9eko OCA], [https://pdbe.org/9eko PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=9eko RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/9eko PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=9eko ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SAP_HUMAN SAP_HUMAN] Defects in PSAP are the cause of combined saposin deficiency (CSAPD) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/611721 611721]; also known as prosaposin deficiency. CSAPD is due to absence of all saposins, leading to a fatal storage disorder with hepatosplenomegaly and severe neurological involvement.<ref>PMID:1371116</ref> <ref>PMID:11309366</ref>   Defects in PSAP saposin-B region are the cause of leukodystrophy metachromatic due to saposin-B deficiency (MLD-SAPB) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/249900 249900]. MLD-SAPB is an atypical form of metachromatic leukodystrophy. It is characterized by tissue accumulation of cerebroside-3-sulfate, demyelination, periventricular white matter abnormalities, peripheral neuropathy. Additional neurological features include dysarthria, ataxic gait, psychomotr regression, seizures, cognitive decline and spastic quadriparesis.  Defects in PSAP saposin-C region are the cause of atypical Gaucher disease (AGD) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610539 610539]. Affected individuals have marked glucosylceramide accumulation in the spleen without having a deficiency of glucosylceramide-beta glucosidase characteristic of classic Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder.<ref>PMID:2060627</ref> <ref>PMID:17919309</ref>   Defects in PSAP saposin-A region are the cause of atypical Krabbe disease (AKRD) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/611722 611722]. AKRD is a disorder of galactosylceramide metabolism. AKRD features include progressive encephalopathy and abnormal myelination in the cerebral white matter resembling Krabbe disease.<ref>PMID:15773042</ref>   Note=Defects in PSAP saposin-D region are found in a variant of Tay-Sachs disease (GM2-gangliosidosis).[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/FGFR3_HUMAN FGFR3_HUMAN] Defects in FGFR3 are the cause of achondroplasia (ACH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/100800 100800]. ACH is an autosomal dominant disease and is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. It is characterized by a long, narrow trunk, short extremities, particularly in the proximal (rhizomelic) segments, a large head with frontal bossing, hypoplasia of the midface and a trident configuration of the hands.<ref>PMID:10611230</ref> <ref>PMID:12297284</ref> <ref>PMID:8078586</ref> <ref>PMID:7847369</ref> <ref>PMID:7758520</ref> <ref>PMID:8599935</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 are the cause of Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans (CAN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/612247 612247]. Classic Crouzon disease which is caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene is characterized by craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the skull sutures), and facial hypoplasia. Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans (a skin disorder characterized by pigmentation anomalies), CAN, is considered to be an independent disorder from classic Crouzon syndrome. CAN is characterized by additional more severe physical manifestation, such as Chiari malformation, hydrocephalus, and atresia or stenosis of the choanas, and is caused by a specific mutation (Ala-391 to Glu) in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3. It is proposed to have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.<ref>PMID:7493034</ref> <ref>PMID:10471491</ref> <ref>PMID:11325814</ref> <ref>PMID:11314002</ref> <ref>PMID:17935505</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of thanatophoric dysplasia type 1 (TD1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/187600 187600]; also known as thanatophoric dwarfism or platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia Sand Diego type (PLSD-SD). TD1 is the most common neonatal lethal skeletal dysplasia. Affected individuals display features similar to those seen in homozygous achondroplasia. It causes severe shortening of the limbs with macrocephaly, narrow thorax and short ribs. In the most common subtype, TD1, femur are curved.<ref>PMID:8589699</ref> <ref>PMID:7773297</ref> <ref>PMID:8845844</ref> <ref>PMID:9790257</ref> <ref>PMID:10671061</ref> <ref>PMID:10360402</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of thanatophoric dysplasia type 2 (TD2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/187601 187601]. It is a neonatal lethal skeletal dysplasia causing severe shortening of the limbs, narrow thorax and short ribs. Patients with thanatophoric dysplasia type 2 have straight femurs and cloverleaf skull.  Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of hypochondroplasia (HCH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/146000 146000]. HCH is an autosomal dominant disease and is characterized by disproportionate short stature. It resembles achondroplasia, but with a less severe phenotype.  Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of susceptibility to bladder cancer (BLC) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/109800 109800]. A malignancy originating in tissues of the urinary bladder. It often presents with multiple tumors appearing at different times and at different sites in the bladder. Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas. They begin in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder. Other types of bladder cancer include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). Bladder cancer is a complex disorder with both genetic and environmental influences. Note=Somatic mutations can constitutively activate FGFR3.  Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of cervical cancer (CERCA) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/603956 603956]. A malignant neoplasm of the cervix, typically originating from a dysplastic or premalignant lesion previously present at the active squamocolumnar junction. The transformation from mild dysplastic to invasive carcinoma generally occurs slowly within several years, although the rate of this process varies widely. Carcinoma in situ is particularly known to precede invasive cervical cancer in most cases. Cervical cancer is strongly associated with infection by oncogenic types of human papillomavirus.  Defects in FGFR3 are the cause of camptodactyly tall stature and hearing loss syndrome (CATSHL syndrome) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610474 610474]. CATSHL syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by permanent and irreducible flexion of one or more fingers of the hand and/or feet, tall stature, scoliosis and/or a pectus excavatum, and hearing loss. Affected individuals have developmental delay and/or mental retardation, and several of these have microcephaly. Radiographic findings included tall vertebral bodies with irregular borders and broad femoral metaphyses with long tubular shafts. On audiological exam, each tested member have bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and absent otoacoustic emissions. The hearing loss was congenital or developed in early infancy, progressed variably in early childhood, and range from mild to severe. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging reveal that the brain, middle ear, and inner ear are structurally normal.  Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of multiple myeloma (MM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/254500 254500]. MM is a malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow and characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria and anemia. Complications of multiple myeloma are bone pain, hypercalcemia, renal failure and spinal cord compression. The aberrant antibodies that are produced lead to impaired humoral immunity and patients have a high prevalence of infection. Amyloidosis may develop in some patients. Multiple myeloma is part of a spectrum of diseases ranging from monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) to plasma cell leukemia. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving FGFR3 is found in multiple myeloma. Translocation t(4;14)(p16.3;q32.3) with the IgH locus.  Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome (LADDS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/149730 149730]; also known as Levy-Hollister syndrome. LADDS is a form of ectodermal dysplasia, a heterogeneous group of disorders due to abnormal development of two or more ectodermal structures. LADDS is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by aplastic/hypoplastic lacrimal and salivary glands and ducts, cup-shaped ears, hearing loss, hypodontia and enamel hypoplasia, and distal limb segments anomalies. In addition to these cardinal features, facial dysmorphism, malformations of the kidney and respiratory system and abnormal genitalia have been reported. Craniosynostosis and severe syndactyly are not observed.<ref>PMID:16501574</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of keratinocytic non-epidermolytic nevus (KNEN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/162900 162900]; also known as pigmented moles. Epidermal nevi of the common, non-organoid and non-epidermolytic type are benign skin lesions and may vary in their extent from a single (usually linear) lesion to widespread and systematized involvement. They may be present at birth or develop early during childhood.<ref>PMID:16841094</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of Muenke syndrome (MNKS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/602849 602849]; also known as Muenke non-syndromic coronal craniosynostosis. MNKS is a condition characterized by premature closure of coronal suture of skull during development (coronal craniosynostosis), which affects the shape of the head and face. It may be uni- or bilateral. When bilateral, it is characterized by a skull with a small antero-posterior diameter (brachycephaly), often with a decrease in the depth of the orbits and hypoplasia of the maxillae. Unilateral closure of the coronal sutures leads to flattening of the orbit on the involved side (plagiocephaly). The intellect is normal. In addition to coronal craniosynostosis some affected individuals show skeletal abnormalities of hands and feet, sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation and respiratory insufficiency.<ref>PMID:9042914</ref> <ref>PMID:9950359</ref> <ref>PMID:11746040</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 are a cause of keratosis seborrheic (KERSEB) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/182000 182000]. A common benign skin tumor. Seborrheic keratoses usually begin with the appearance of one or more sharply defined, light brown, flat macules. The lesions may be sparse or numerous. As they initially grow, they develop a velvety to finely verrucous surface, followed by an uneven warty surface with multiple plugged follicles and a dull or lackluster appearance.<ref>PMID:15772091</ref>   Defects in FGFR3 may be a cause of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/273300 273300]. A common solid malignancy in males. Germ cell tumors of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.<ref>PMID:19855393</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MALE_ECOLI MALE_ECOLI] Involved in the high-affinity maltose membrane transport system MalEFGK. Initial receptor for the active transport of and chemotaxis toward maltooligosaccharides.[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SAP_HUMAN SAP_HUMAN] The lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids takes place by the sequential action of specific hydrolases. Some of these enzymes require specific low-molecular mass, non-enzymic proteins: the sphingolipids activator proteins (coproteins).  Saposin-A and saposin-C stimulate the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide by beta-glucosylceramidase (EC 3.2.1.45) and galactosylceramide by beta-galactosylceramidase (EC 3.2.1.46). Saposin-C apparently acts by combining with the enzyme and acidic lipid to form an activated complex, rather than by solubilizing the substrate.  Saposin-B stimulates the hydrolysis of galacto-cerebroside sulfate by arylsulfatase A (EC 3.1.6.8), GM1 gangliosides by beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and globotriaosylceramide by alpha-galactosidase A (EC 3.2.1.22). Saposin-B forms a solubilizing complex with the substrates of the sphingolipid hydrolases.  Saposin-D is a specific sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activator (EC 3.1.4.12).[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/FGFR3_HUMAN FGFR3_HUMAN] Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Plays an essential role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Regulates both osteogenesis and postnatal bone mineralization by osteoblasts. Promotes apoptosis in chondrocytes, but can also promote cancer cell proliferation. Required for normal development of the inner ear. Phosphorylates PLCG1, CBL and FRS2. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Phosphorylation of FRS2 triggers recruitment of GRB2, GAB1, PIK3R1 and SOS1, and mediates activation of RAS, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Plays a role in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activation or impair normal FGFR3 maturation, internalization and degradation lead to aberrant signaling. Over-expressed or constitutively activated FGFR3 promotes activation of PTPN11/SHP2, STAT1, STAT5A and STAT5B.<ref>PMID:8663044</ref> <ref>PMID:10611230</ref> <ref>PMID:11294897</ref> <ref>PMID:14534538</ref> <ref>PMID:16597617</ref> <ref>PMID:16410555</ref> <ref>PMID:17561467</ref> <ref>PMID:17509076</ref> <ref>PMID:17145761</ref> <ref>PMID:17311277</ref> <ref>PMID:19088846</ref> <ref>PMID:19286672</ref> 
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Gellman SH]]
[[Category: Kreitler DF]]
[[Category: Yu Z]]