View source for 9hgr


==In vitro grown WT Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils==
<StructureSection load='9hgr' size='340' side='right'caption='[[9hgr]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.70&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[9hgr]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=9HGR OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9HGR FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Electron Microscopy, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.7&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9hgr FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=9hgr OCA], [https://pdbe.org/9hgr PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=9hgr RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/9hgr PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=9hgr ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SYUA_HUMAN SYUA_HUMAN] Note=Genetic alterations of SNCA resulting in aberrant polymerization into fibrils, are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies). SNCA fibrillar aggregates represent the major non A-beta component of Alzheimer disease amyloid plaque, and a major component of Lewy body inclusions. They are also found within Lewy body (LB)-like intraneuronal inclusions, glial inclusions and axonal spheroids in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1.  Defects in SNCA are the cause of Parkinson disease type 1 (PARK1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/168601 168601]. A complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity and postural instability. Additional features are characteristic postural abnormalities, dysautonomia, dystonic cramps, and dementia. The pathology of Parkinson disease involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins), in surviving neurons in various areas of the brain. The disease is progressive and usually manifests after the age of 50 years, although early-onset cases (before 50 years) are known. The majority of the cases are sporadic suggesting a multifactorial etiology based on environmental and genetic factors. However, some patients present with a positive family history for the disease. Familial forms of the disease usually begin at earlier ages and are associated with atypical clinical features.<ref>PMID:9197268</ref> <ref>PMID:9462735</ref> <ref>PMID:14755719</ref>   Defects in SNCA are the cause of Parkinson disease type 4 (PARK4) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/605543 605543]. A complex neurodegenerative disorder with manifestations ranging from typical Parkinson disease to dementia with Lewy bodies. Clinical features include parkinsonian symptoms (tremor, rigidity, postural instability and bradykinesia), dementia, diffuse Lewy body pathology, autonomic dysfunction, hallucinations and paranoia.  Defects in SNCA are the cause of dementia Lewy body (DLB) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/127750 127750]. A neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by mental impairment leading to dementia, parkinsonism, often with fluctuating cognitive function, visual hallucinations, falls, syncopal episodes, and sensitivity to neuroleptic medication. Brainstem or cortical intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins (Lewy bodies) are the only essential pathologic features. Patients may also have hippocampal and neocortical senile plaques, sometimes in sufficient number to fulfill the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer disease.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SYUA_HUMAN SYUA_HUMAN] May be involved in the regulation of dopamine release and transport. Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. Reduces neuronal responsiveness to various apoptotic stimuli, leading to a decreased caspase-3 activation.
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects millions of people worldwide, but only 5-10% of patients suffer from a monogenic form of the disease with Mendelian inheritance. SNCA, the gene encoding for the protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn), was the first to be associated with familial forms of PD and, since then, several missense variants and multiplications of the SNCA gene have been established as rare causes of autosomal dominant forms of PD. AIM AND METHODS: A patient carrying aSyn missense mutation and his family members were studied. We present the clinical features, genetic testing - whole exome sequencing (WES), and neuropathological findings. The functional consequences of this aSyn variant were extensively investigated using biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays. RESULTS: The patient exhibited a complex neurodegenerative disease that included generalized myocloni, bradykinesia, dystonia of the left arm and apraxia. WES identified a novel heterozygous SNCA variant (cDNA 40G&gt;A; protein G14R). Neuropathological examination showed extensive atypical aSyn pathology with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and nigral degeneration pattern with abundant ring-like neuronal inclusions, and few oligodendroglial inclusions. Sanger sequencing confirmed the SNCA variant in the healthy, elderly parent of the patient patient suggesting incomplete penetrance. NMR studies suggest that the G14R mutation induces a local structural alteration in aSyn, and lower thioflavin T binding in in vitro fibrillization assays. Interestingly, the G14R aSyn fibers display different fibrillar morphologies as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. Cellular studies of the G14R variant revealed increased inclusion formation, enhanced membrane association, and impaired dynamic reversibility of serine-129 phosphorylation. SUMMARY: The atypical neuropathological features observed, which are reminiscent of those observed for the G51D aSyn variant, suggest a causal role of the SNCA variant with a distinct clinical and pathological phenotype, which is further supported by the properties of the mutant aSyn, compatible with the strain hypothesis of proteinopathies.

A novel alpha-synuclein G14R missense variant is associated with atypical neuropathological features.,Brucke C, Al-Azzani M, Ramalingam N, Ramon M, Sousa RL, Buratti F, Zech M, Sicking K, Amaral L, Gelpi E, Chandran A, Agarwal A, Chaves SR, Fernandez CO, Dettmer U, Lautenschlager J, Zweckstetter M, Busnadiego RF, Zimprich A, Outeiro TF medRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Oct 25:2024.09.23.24313864. doi: , 10.1101/2024.09.23.24313864. PMID:39399048<ref>PMID:39399048</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 9hgr" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Al-Azzani M]]
[[Category: Fernandez-Busnadiego R]]
[[Category: Outeiro TF]]
[[Category: Sicking K]]