View source for 9p51


==Crystal structure of MLH1-CTD with CHDI-00915848==
<StructureSection load='9p51' size='340' side='right'caption='[[9p51]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.25&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[9p51]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=9P51 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9P51 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.25&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=9p51 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=9p51 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/9p51 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=9p51 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/9p51 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=9p51 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MLH1_HUMAN MLH1_HUMAN] Muir-Torre syndrome;Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Defects in MLH1 are the cause of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer type 2 (HNPCC2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609310 609310]. Mutations in more than one gene locus can be involved alone or in combination in the production of the HNPCC phenotype (also called Lynch syndrome). Most families with clinically recognized HNPCC have mutations in either MLH1 or MSH2 genes. HNPCC is an autosomal, dominantly inherited disease associated with marked increase in cancer susceptibility. It is characterized by a familial predisposition to early onset colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and extra-colonic cancers of the gastrointestinal, urological and female reproductive tracts. HNPCC is reported to be the most common form of inherited colorectal cancer in the Western world, and accounts for 15% of all colon cancers. Cancers in HNPCC originate within benign neoplastic polyps termed adenomas. Clinically, HNPCC is often divided into two subgroups. Type I: hereditary predisposition to colorectal cancer, a young age of onset, and carcinoma observed in the proximal colon. Type II: patients have an increased risk for cancers in certain tissues such as the uterus, ovary, breast, stomach, small intestine, skin, and larynx in addition to the colon. Diagnosis of classical HNPCC is based on the Amsterdam criteria: 3 or more relatives affected by colorectal cancer, one a first degree relative of the other two; 2 or more generation affected; 1 or more colorectal cancers presenting before 50 years of age; exclusion of hereditary polyposis syndromes. The term 'suspected HNPCC' or 'incomplete HNPCC' can be used to describe families who do not or only partially fulfill the Amsterdam criteria, but in whom a genetic basis for colon cancer is strongly suspected.<ref>PMID:11427529</ref> <ref>PMID:7757073</ref> <ref>PMID:11429708</ref> <ref>PMID:8571956</ref> <ref>PMID:8566964</ref> <ref>PMID:8872463</ref> <ref>PMID:8797773</ref> <ref>PMID:9311737</ref> <ref>PMID:8993976</ref> <ref>PMID:9218993</ref> <ref>PMID:9048925</ref> <ref>PMID:9272156</ref> <ref>PMID:9067757</ref> <ref>PMID:9298827</ref> <ref>PMID:9399661</ref> <ref>PMID:9326924</ref> <ref>PMID:9718327</ref> <ref>PMID:9559627</ref> <ref>PMID:10627141</ref> <ref>PMID:10660333</ref> <ref>PMID:10671064</ref> <ref>PMID:9833759</ref> <ref>PMID:10375096</ref> <ref>PMID:9927034</ref> <ref>PMID:10323887</ref> <ref>PMID:10480359</ref> <ref>PMID:10598809</ref> <ref>PMID:10386556</ref> <ref>PMID:10413423</ref> <ref>PMID:10777691</ref> <ref>PMID:10713887</ref> <ref>PMID:10882759</ref> <ref>PMID:12132870</ref> <ref>PMID:11726306</ref> <ref>PMID:11139242</ref> <ref>PMID:11748856</ref> <ref>PMID:12095971</ref> <ref>PMID:12373605</ref> <ref>PMID:11781295</ref> <ref>PMID:11839723</ref> <ref>PMID:11793442</ref> <ref>PMID:11754112</ref> <ref>PMID:12200596</ref> <ref>PMID:11870161</ref> <ref>PMID:12362047</ref> <ref>PMID:12658575</ref> <ref>PMID:12655562</ref> <ref>PMID:14635101</ref> <ref>PMID:15139004</ref> <ref>PMID:15365995</ref> <ref>PMID:15365996</ref> <ref>PMID:14961575</ref> <ref>PMID:15064764</ref> <ref>PMID:16083711</ref> <ref>PMID:16451135</ref> <ref>PMID:17510385</ref> <ref>PMID:17301300</ref> <ref>PMID:18561205</ref>   Defects in MLH1 are a cause of mismatch repair cancer syndrome (MMRCS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/276300 276300]; also known as Turcot syndrome or brain tumor-polyposis syndrome 1 (BTPS1). MMRCS is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by malignant tumors of the brain associated with multiple colorectal adenomas. Skin features include sebaceous cysts, hyperpigmented and cafe au lait spots.<ref>PMID:11427529</ref> <ref>PMID:7661930</ref> <ref>PMID:17440981</ref>   Defects in MLH1 are a cause of Muir-Torre syndrome (MRTES) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/158320 158320]. Rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by sebaceous neoplasms and visceral malignancy.<ref>PMID:8751876</ref>   Note=Defects in MLH1 may contribute to lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), a non-invasive neoplastic disease of the breast.<ref>PMID:11369138</ref>   Defects in MLH1 are a cause of susceptibility to endometrial cancer (ENDMC) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/608089 608089].  Note=Some epigenetic changes can be transmitted unchanged through the germline (termed 'epigenetic inheritance'). Evidence that this mechanism occurs in humans is provided by the identification of individuals in whom 1 allele of the MLH1 gene is epigenetically silenced throughout the soma (implying a germline event). These individuals are affected by HNPCC but does not have identifiable mutations in MLH1, even though it is silenced, which demonstrates that an epimutation can phenocopy a genetic disease.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MLH1_HUMAN MLH1_HUMAN] Heterodimerizes with PMS2 to form MutL alpha, a component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). DNA repair is initiated by MutS alpha (MSH2-MSH6) or MutS beta (MSH2-MSH6) binding to a dsDNA mismatch, then MutL alpha is recruited to the heteroduplex. Assembly of the MutL-MutS-heteroduplex ternary complex in presence of RFC and PCNA is sufficient to activate endonuclease activity of PMS2. It introduces single-strand breaks near the mismatch and thus generates new entry points for the exonuclease EXO1 to degrade the strand containing the mismatch. DNA methylation would prevent cleavage and therefore assure that only the newly mutated DNA strand is going to be corrected. MutL alpha (MLH1-PMS2) interacts physically with the clamp loader subunits of DNA polymerase III, suggesting that it may play a role to recruit the DNA polymerase III to the site of the MMR. Also implicated in DNA damage signaling, a process which induces cell cycle arrest and can lead to apoptosis in case of major DNA damages. Heterodimerizes with MLH3 to form MutL gamma which plays a role in meiosis.<ref>PMID:16873062</ref> <ref>PMID:18206974</ref> 
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Koszelak-Rosenblum M]]
[[Category: Zhu G]]