1p14 - Revision history

OCA at 09:35, 16 August 2023

2023-08-16T09:35:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:35, 16 August 2023
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	<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Human Human~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='~~related~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Related_structure~~\|~~Related~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">~~<div style='overflow: auto; max~~-~~height: 3em;'>~~[[~~1irk~~\|~~1irk~~]]~~</div></td></tr>~~		</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution\|Resolution]] 1.9Å</td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [https://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 ~~and 2~~.~~7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span>~~</td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1p14 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1p14 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/256450 256450], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
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	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: ~~Human~~]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
	~~[[Category: Transferase]]~~		[[Category: Covino ND]]
	[[Category: Covino~~, N D~~]]		[[Category: Hubbard SR]]
	[[Category: Hubbard~~, S R~~]]		[[Category: Li S]]
	[[Category: Li, S]]		[[Category: Stein EG]]
	[[Category: Stein~~, E G~~]]		[[Category: Till JH]]
	[[Category: Till~~, J H]]~~
	~~[[Category: Catalysis]]~~
	~~[[Category: Mutant]]~~
	~~[[Category: Receptor]]~~
	~~[[Category: Tyrosine kinase~~]]

OCA at 09:23, 8 September 2021

2021-09-08T09:23:42Z

OCA at 10:29, 27 November 2019

2019-11-27T10:29:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:29, 27 November 2019
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	==Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase==		==Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase==
	<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>
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	</div>		</div>
	<div class="pdbe-citations 1p14" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>		<div class="pdbe-citations 1p14" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

			==See Also==
			*[[Insulin receptor 3D structures\|Insulin receptor 3D structures]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
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	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Human]]		[[Category: Human]]
			[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Transferase]]		[[Category: Transferase]]
	[[Category: Covino, N D]]		[[Category: Covino, N D]]

OCA at 07:57, 15 February 2018

2018-02-15T07:57:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:57, 15 February 2018
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	==Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase==		==Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase==
	<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>
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	</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1p14 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
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	Check<jmol>		Check<jmol>
	<jmolCheckbox>		<jmolCheckbox>
	<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/p1/1p14_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>		<scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/p1/1p14_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
	<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>		<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
	<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>		<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
	</jmolCheckbox>		</jmolCheckbox>
	</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/~~chain_selection~~.php?pdb_ID=~~2ata~~ ConSurf].		</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1p14 ConSurf].
	<div style="clear:both"></div>		<div style="clear:both"></div>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
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	</div>		</div>
	<div class="pdbe-citations 1p14" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>		<div class="pdbe-citations 1p14" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

	~~==See Also==~~
	*[[Insulin receptor\|Insulin receptor]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

OCA at 22:37, 11 September 2015

2015-09-11T22:37:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:37, 11 September 2015
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	<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
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	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	</div>		</div>
			<div class="pdbe-citations 1p14" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

	==See Also==		==See Also==
Line 36:		Line 37:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: ~~Homo sapiens~~]]		[[Category: Human]]
	[[Category: Transferase]]		[[Category: Transferase]]
	[[Category: Covino, N D]]		[[Category: Covino, N D]]

OCA at 07:29, 6 January 2015

2015-01-06T07:29:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:29, 6 January 2015
Line 3:		Line 3:
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>
	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>
	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	<table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.		[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
Line 38:		Line 38:
	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Transferase]]		[[Category: Transferase]]
	[[Category: Covino, N D.]]		[[Category: Covino, N D]]
	[[Category: Hubbard, S R.]]		[[Category: Hubbard, S R]]
	[[Category: Li, S.]]		[[Category: Li, S]]
	[[Category: Stein, E G.]]		[[Category: Stein, E G]]
	[[Category: Till, J H.]]		[[Category: Till, J H]]
	[[Category: Catalysis]]		[[Category: Catalysis]]
	[[Category: Mutant]]		[[Category: Mutant]]
	[[Category: Receptor]]		[[Category: Receptor]]
	~~[[Category: Transferase]]~~
	[[Category: Tyrosine kinase]]		[[Category: Tyrosine kinase]]

OCA at 15:16, 29 September 2014

2014-09-29T15:16:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:16, 29 September 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{STRUCTURE_1p14~~\| ~~PDB~~=1p14 \| ~~SCENE~~= }}		==Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase==
	===~~Crystal structure~~ of a ~~catalytic~~-~~loop mutant~~ of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase===		<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>
	~~{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12707268}}~~		== Structural highlights ==
			<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>
			</td></tr><tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>
			<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>
			<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
			<table>
			== Disease ==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
			== Function ==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>
			== Evolutionary Conservation ==
			[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
			Check<jmol>
			<jmolCheckbox>
			<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/p1/1p14_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
			<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
			<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
			</jmolCheckbox>
			</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/chain_selection.php?pdb_ID=2ata ConSurf].
			<div style="clear:both"></div>
			<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
			== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
			Tyrosine 984 in the juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor, between the transmembrane helix and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, is conserved among all insulin receptor-like proteins from hydra to humans. Crystallographic studies of the tyrosine kinase domain and proximal juxtamembrane region reveal that Tyr-984 interacts with several other conserved residues in the N-terminal lobe of the kinase domain, stabilizing a catalytically nonproductive position of alpha-helix C. Steady-state kinetics measurements on the soluble kinase domain demonstrate that replacement of Tyr-984 with phenylalanine results in a 4-fold increase in kcat in the unphosphorylated (basal state) enzyme. Moreover, mutation of Tyr-984 in the full-length insulin receptor results in significantly elevated receptor phosphorylation levels in cells, both in the absence of insulin and following insulin stimulation. These data demonstrate that Tyr-984 plays an important structural role in maintaining the quiescent, basal state of the insulin receptor. In addition, the structural studies suggest a possible target site for small molecule activators of the insulin receptor, with potential use in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

	~~==Disease==~~		Structural and biochemical evidence for an autoinhibitory role for tyrosine 984 in the juxtamembrane region of the insulin receptor.,Li S, Covino ND, Stein EG, Till JH, Hubbard SR J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 11;278(28):26007-14. Epub 2003 Apr 21. PMID:12707268<ref>PMID:12707268</ref>
	~~[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects~~ in ~~INSR are~~ the ~~cause~~ of ~~Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe~~ insulin ~~resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities~~. ~~Typical features include coarse~~, ~~senile-appearing facies~~, ~~dental and skin abnormalities~~, ~~abdominal distension~~, ~~and phallic enlargement~~. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref><ref>PMID:2365819</ref><ref>PMID:8314008</ref><ref>PMID:10443650</ref><ref>PMID:12023989</ref><ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (~~LEPRCH~~) ~~[MIM~~:[http://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref><ref>PMID:12023989</ref><ref>PMID:2834824</ref><ref>PMID:2479553</ref><ref>PMID:1607067</ref><ref>PMID:1730625</ref><ref>PMID:8326490</ref><ref>PMID:8419945</ref><ref>PMID:8188715</ref><ref>PMID:7815442</ref><ref>PMID:7538143</ref><ref>PMID:8636294</ref><ref>PMID:9299395</ref><ref>PMID:9249867</ref><ref>PMID:9703342</ref><ref>PMID:12538626</ref><ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-~~dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[http://omim~~.~~org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2~~.~~<ref>PMID:1607076</ref><ref>~~PMID:~~1470163</ref>~~<ref>PMID:~~7657032~~</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.

	~~==Function==~~		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	~~[[http:~~//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of ~~insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates~~ the ~~expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors~~. ~~Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin~~. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<~~ref~~>~~PMID:8257688~~</~~ref~~>~~<ref>PMID:8452530</ref><ref>PMID:8276809</ref><ref>PMID:9428692</ref><ref>PMID:10207053</ref><ref>PMID:12138094</ref><ref>PMID:16314505</ref><ref>PMID:16831875</ref>~~		</div>

	~~==About this Structure==~~
	[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA].

	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[[Insulin receptor\|Insulin receptor]]		*[[Insulin receptor\|Insulin receptor]]
			== References ==
	==~~Reference~~==		<references/>
	~~<ref group="xtra">PMID:012707268</ref>~~<references ~~group="xtra"~~/><~~references~~/>		__TOC__
			</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Transferase]]		[[Category: Transferase]]

OCA at 01:50, 25 March 2013

2013-03-25T01:50:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:50, 25 March 2013
Line 2:		Line 2:
	===Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase===		===Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase===
	{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12707268}}		{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12707268}}

			==Disease==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref><ref>PMID:2365819</ref><ref>PMID:8314008</ref><ref>PMID:10443650</ref><ref>PMID:12023989</ref><ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref><ref>PMID:12023989</ref><ref>PMID:2834824</ref><ref>PMID:2479553</ref><ref>PMID:1607067</ref><ref>PMID:1730625</ref><ref>PMID:8326490</ref><ref>PMID:8419945</ref><ref>PMID:8188715</ref><ref>PMID:7815442</ref><ref>PMID:7538143</ref><ref>PMID:8636294</ref><ref>PMID:9299395</ref><ref>PMID:9249867</ref><ref>PMID:9703342</ref><ref>PMID:12538626</ref><ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref><ref>PMID:1470163</ref><ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.

			==Function==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref><ref>PMID:8452530</ref><ref>PMID:8276809</ref><ref>PMID:9428692</ref><ref>PMID:10207053</ref><ref>PMID:12138094</ref><ref>PMID:16314505</ref><ref>PMID:16831875</ref>

	==About this Structure==		==About this Structure==
Line 10:		Line 16:

	==Reference==		==Reference==
	<ref group="xtra">PMID:012707268</ref><references group="xtra"/>		<ref group="xtra">PMID:012707268</ref><references group="xtra"/><references/>
	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Transferase]]		[[Category: Transferase]]

OCA at 10:39, 11 March 2013

2013-03-11T10:39:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:39, 11 March 2013
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	~~[[Image:1p14.png\|left\|200px]]~~

	{{STRUCTURE_1p14\| PDB=1p14 \| SCENE= }}		{{STRUCTURE_1p14\| PDB=1p14 \| SCENE= }}

	===Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase===		===Crystal structure of a catalytic-loop mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase===

	{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12707268}}		{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12707268}}

OCA: Protected "1p14" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

2012-12-12T22:01:31Z

Protected "1p14" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:01, 12 December 2012
(No difference)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 8 September 2021
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	<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1p14' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1p14]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1p14]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1P14 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1P14 FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1irk\|1irk]]</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><div style='overflow: auto; max-height: 3em;'>[[1irk\|1irk]]</div></td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [~~http~~://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [https://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2 2.7.10.1 and 2.7.10.2] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1p14 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1p14 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1p14 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1p14 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1p14 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1p14 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1p14 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.		[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>		[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]