2fso - Revision history

OCA at 18:57, 29 May 2024

2024-05-29T18:57:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 29 May 2024
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Human Human~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='~~ligand~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Ligand~~\|~~Ligands~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="~~ligandDat~~">~~<scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B~~-~~OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene>~~</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution\|Resolution]] 1.83Å</td></tr>
	<tr id='~~related~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Related_structure~~\|~~Related~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"~~><div style='overflow: auto; max-height: 3em;'>[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</div></td></tr>~~		<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene></td></tr>
	~~<tr~~ id~~='activity'><td class~~="~~sblockLbl~~"><~~b>Activity:</b></td><td class~~=~~"sblockDat"><span class~~=~~'plainlinks~~'>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [https://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1 2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1] </~~span~~></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2fso ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2fso ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK14_HUMAN MK14_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli, either by inducing chromatin remodeling or by recruiting the transcription machinery. On the other hand, two other kinase targets, MAPKAPK2/MK2 and MAPKAPK3/MK3, participate in the control of gene expression mostly at the post-transcriptional level, by phosphorylating ZFP36 (tristetraprolin) and ELAVL1, and by regulating EEF2K, which is important for the elongation of mRNA during translation. MKNK1/MNK1 and MKNK2/MNK2, two other kinases activated by p38 MAPKs, regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the initiation factor EIF4E2. MAPK14 interacts also with casein kinase II, leading to its activation through autophosphorylation and further phosphorylation of TP53/p53. In the cytoplasm, the p38 MAPK pathway is an important regulator of protein turnover. For example, CFLAR is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis whose proteasome-mediated degradation is regulated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In a similar way, MAPK14 phosphorylates the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2, regulating its activity towards EGLN3. MAPK14 may also inhibit the lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy by interfering with the intracellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein ATG9. Another function of MAPK14 is to regulate the endocytosis of membrane receptors by different mechanisms that impinge on the small GTPase RAB5A. In addition, clathrin-mediated EGFR internalization induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation depends on MAPK14-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR itself as well as of RAB5A effectors. Ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins is regulated by p38 MAPKs as well. In response to inflammatory stimuli, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate the membrane-associated metalloprotease ADAM17. Such phosphorylation is required for ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha family ligands, which results in the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. Another p38 MAPK substrate is FGFR1. FGFR1 can be translocated from the extracellular space into the cytosol and nucleus of target cells, and regulates processes such as rRNA synthesis and cell growth. FGFR1 translocation requires p38 MAPK activation. In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. Classical examples include ATF1, ATF2, ATF6, ELK1, PTPRH, DDIT3, TP53/p53 and MEF2C and MEF2A. The p38 MAPKs are emerging as important modulators of gene expression by regulating chromatin modifiers and remodelers. The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. This phosphorylation enhances the accessibility of the cryptic NF-kappa-B-binding sites marking promoters for increased NF-kappa-B recruitment. Phosphorylates CDC25B and CDC25C which is required for binding to 14-3-3 proteins and leads to initiation of a G2 delay after ultraviolet radiation. Phosphorylates TIAR following DNA damage, releasing TIAR from GADD45A mRNA and preventing mRNA degradation. The p38 MAPKs may also have kinase-independent roles, which are thought to be due to the binding to targets in the absence of phosphorylation. Protein O-Glc-N-acylation catalyzed by the OGT is regulated by MAPK14, and, although OGT does not seem to be phosphorylated by MAPK14, their interaction increases upon MAPK14 activation induced by glucose deprivation. This interaction may regulate OGT activity by recruiting it to specific targets such as neurofilament H, stimulating its O-Glc-N-acylation. Required in mid-fetal development for the growth of embryo-derived blood vessels in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. Also plays an essential role in developmental and stress-induced erythropoiesis, through regulation of EPO gene expression. Isoform MXI2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform EXIP may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis. Phosphorylates S100A9 at 'Thr-113'.<ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9430721</ref> <ref>PMID:9792677</ref> <ref>PMID:9858528</ref> <ref>PMID:10330143</ref> <ref>PMID:10943842</ref> <ref>PMID:10838079</ref> <ref>PMID:10747897</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:11333986</ref> <ref>PMID:15905572</ref> <ref>PMID:16932740</ref> <ref>PMID:17003045</ref> <ref>PMID:17724032</ref> <ref>PMID:19893488</ref> <ref>PMID:20932473</ref> <ref>PMID:20188673</ref>		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK14_HUMAN MK14_HUMAN] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli, either by inducing chromatin remodeling or by recruiting the transcription machinery. On the other hand, two other kinase targets, MAPKAPK2/MK2 and MAPKAPK3/MK3, participate in the control of gene expression mostly at the post-transcriptional level, by phosphorylating ZFP36 (tristetraprolin) and ELAVL1, and by regulating EEF2K, which is important for the elongation of mRNA during translation. MKNK1/MNK1 and MKNK2/MNK2, two other kinases activated by p38 MAPKs, regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the initiation factor EIF4E2. MAPK14 interacts also with casein kinase II, leading to its activation through autophosphorylation and further phosphorylation of TP53/p53. In the cytoplasm, the p38 MAPK pathway is an important regulator of protein turnover. For example, CFLAR is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis whose proteasome-mediated degradation is regulated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In a similar way, MAPK14 phosphorylates the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2, regulating its activity towards EGLN3. MAPK14 may also inhibit the lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy by interfering with the intracellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein ATG9. Another function of MAPK14 is to regulate the endocytosis of membrane receptors by different mechanisms that impinge on the small GTPase RAB5A. In addition, clathrin-mediated EGFR internalization induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation depends on MAPK14-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR itself as well as of RAB5A effectors. Ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins is regulated by p38 MAPKs as well. In response to inflammatory stimuli, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate the membrane-associated metalloprotease ADAM17. Such phosphorylation is required for ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha family ligands, which results in the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. Another p38 MAPK substrate is FGFR1. FGFR1 can be translocated from the extracellular space into the cytosol and nucleus of target cells, and regulates processes such as rRNA synthesis and cell growth. FGFR1 translocation requires p38 MAPK activation. In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. Classical examples include ATF1, ATF2, ATF6, ELK1, PTPRH, DDIT3, TP53/p53 and MEF2C and MEF2A. The p38 MAPKs are emerging as important modulators of gene expression by regulating chromatin modifiers and remodelers. The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. This phosphorylation enhances the accessibility of the cryptic NF-kappa-B-binding sites marking promoters for increased NF-kappa-B recruitment. Phosphorylates CDC25B and CDC25C which is required for binding to 14-3-3 proteins and leads to initiation of a G2 delay after ultraviolet radiation. Phosphorylates TIAR following DNA damage, releasing TIAR from GADD45A mRNA and preventing mRNA degradation. The p38 MAPKs may also have kinase-independent roles, which are thought to be due to the binding to targets in the absence of phosphorylation. Protein O-Glc-N-acylation catalyzed by the OGT is regulated by MAPK14, and, although OGT does not seem to be phosphorylated by MAPK14, their interaction increases upon MAPK14 activation induced by glucose deprivation. This interaction may regulate OGT activity by recruiting it to specific targets such as neurofilament H, stimulating its O-Glc-N-acylation. Required in mid-fetal development for the growth of embryo-derived blood vessels in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. Also plays an essential role in developmental and stress-induced erythropoiesis, through regulation of EPO gene expression. Isoform MXI2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform EXIP may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis. Phosphorylates S100A9 at 'Thr-113'.<ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9430721</ref> <ref>PMID:9792677</ref> <ref>PMID:9858528</ref> <ref>PMID:10330143</ref> <ref>PMID:10943842</ref> <ref>PMID:10838079</ref> <ref>PMID:10747897</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:11333986</ref> <ref>PMID:15905572</ref> <ref>PMID:16932740</ref> <ref>PMID:17003045</ref> <ref>PMID:17724032</ref> <ref>PMID:19893488</ref> <ref>PMID:20932473</ref> <ref>PMID:20188673</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
Line 37:		Line 36:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: ~~Human~~]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
	~~[[Category: Transferase]]~~		[[Category: Diskin R]]
	[[Category: Diskin, R]]		[[Category: Livnah O]]
	[[Category: Livnah, O]]
	~~[[Category: Active mutant]]~~
	~~[[Category: Autophosphorylation]]~~
	~~[[Category: Lipid]]~~
	~~[[Category: Map kinase insertion]]~~
	~~[[Category: Mitogen activated protein kinase]]~~
	~~[[Category: P38~~]]

OCA at 06:58, 10 November 2021

2021-11-10T06:58:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:58, 10 November 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><div style='overflow: auto; max-height: 3em;'>[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</div></td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [~~http~~://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1 2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [https://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1 2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2fso ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2fso ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK14_HUMAN MK14_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli, either by inducing chromatin remodeling or by recruiting the transcription machinery. On the other hand, two other kinase targets, MAPKAPK2/MK2 and MAPKAPK3/MK3, participate in the control of gene expression mostly at the post-transcriptional level, by phosphorylating ZFP36 (tristetraprolin) and ELAVL1, and by regulating EEF2K, which is important for the elongation of mRNA during translation. MKNK1/MNK1 and MKNK2/MNK2, two other kinases activated by p38 MAPKs, regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the initiation factor EIF4E2. MAPK14 interacts also with casein kinase II, leading to its activation through autophosphorylation and further phosphorylation of TP53/p53. In the cytoplasm, the p38 MAPK pathway is an important regulator of protein turnover. For example, CFLAR is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis whose proteasome-mediated degradation is regulated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In a similar way, MAPK14 phosphorylates the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2, regulating its activity towards EGLN3. MAPK14 may also inhibit the lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy by interfering with the intracellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein ATG9. Another function of MAPK14 is to regulate the endocytosis of membrane receptors by different mechanisms that impinge on the small GTPase RAB5A. In addition, clathrin-mediated EGFR internalization induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation depends on MAPK14-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR itself as well as of RAB5A effectors. Ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins is regulated by p38 MAPKs as well. In response to inflammatory stimuli, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate the membrane-associated metalloprotease ADAM17. Such phosphorylation is required for ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha family ligands, which results in the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. Another p38 MAPK substrate is FGFR1. FGFR1 can be translocated from the extracellular space into the cytosol and nucleus of target cells, and regulates processes such as rRNA synthesis and cell growth. FGFR1 translocation requires p38 MAPK activation. In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. Classical examples include ATF1, ATF2, ATF6, ELK1, PTPRH, DDIT3, TP53/p53 and MEF2C and MEF2A. The p38 MAPKs are emerging as important modulators of gene expression by regulating chromatin modifiers and remodelers. The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. This phosphorylation enhances the accessibility of the cryptic NF-kappa-B-binding sites marking promoters for increased NF-kappa-B recruitment. Phosphorylates CDC25B and CDC25C which is required for binding to 14-3-3 proteins and leads to initiation of a G2 delay after ultraviolet radiation. Phosphorylates TIAR following DNA damage, releasing TIAR from GADD45A mRNA and preventing mRNA degradation. The p38 MAPKs may also have kinase-independent roles, which are thought to be due to the binding to targets in the absence of phosphorylation. Protein O-Glc-N-acylation catalyzed by the OGT is regulated by MAPK14, and, although OGT does not seem to be phosphorylated by MAPK14, their interaction increases upon MAPK14 activation induced by glucose deprivation. This interaction may regulate OGT activity by recruiting it to specific targets such as neurofilament H, stimulating its O-Glc-N-acylation. Required in mid-fetal development for the growth of embryo-derived blood vessels in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. Also plays an essential role in developmental and stress-induced erythropoiesis, through regulation of EPO gene expression. Isoform MXI2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform EXIP may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis. Phosphorylates S100A9 at 'Thr-113'.<ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9430721</ref> <ref>PMID:9792677</ref> <ref>PMID:9858528</ref> <ref>PMID:10330143</ref> <ref>PMID:10943842</ref> <ref>PMID:10838079</ref> <ref>PMID:10747897</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:11333986</ref> <ref>PMID:15905572</ref> <ref>PMID:16932740</ref> <ref>PMID:17003045</ref> <ref>PMID:17724032</ref> <ref>PMID:19893488</ref> <ref>PMID:20932473</ref> <ref>PMID:20188673</ref>		[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK14_HUMAN MK14_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli, either by inducing chromatin remodeling or by recruiting the transcription machinery. On the other hand, two other kinase targets, MAPKAPK2/MK2 and MAPKAPK3/MK3, participate in the control of gene expression mostly at the post-transcriptional level, by phosphorylating ZFP36 (tristetraprolin) and ELAVL1, and by regulating EEF2K, which is important for the elongation of mRNA during translation. MKNK1/MNK1 and MKNK2/MNK2, two other kinases activated by p38 MAPKs, regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the initiation factor EIF4E2. MAPK14 interacts also with casein kinase II, leading to its activation through autophosphorylation and further phosphorylation of TP53/p53. In the cytoplasm, the p38 MAPK pathway is an important regulator of protein turnover. For example, CFLAR is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis whose proteasome-mediated degradation is regulated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In a similar way, MAPK14 phosphorylates the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2, regulating its activity towards EGLN3. MAPK14 may also inhibit the lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy by interfering with the intracellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein ATG9. Another function of MAPK14 is to regulate the endocytosis of membrane receptors by different mechanisms that impinge on the small GTPase RAB5A. In addition, clathrin-mediated EGFR internalization induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation depends on MAPK14-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR itself as well as of RAB5A effectors. Ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins is regulated by p38 MAPKs as well. In response to inflammatory stimuli, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate the membrane-associated metalloprotease ADAM17. Such phosphorylation is required for ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha family ligands, which results in the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. Another p38 MAPK substrate is FGFR1. FGFR1 can be translocated from the extracellular space into the cytosol and nucleus of target cells, and regulates processes such as rRNA synthesis and cell growth. FGFR1 translocation requires p38 MAPK activation. In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. Classical examples include ATF1, ATF2, ATF6, ELK1, PTPRH, DDIT3, TP53/p53 and MEF2C and MEF2A. The p38 MAPKs are emerging as important modulators of gene expression by regulating chromatin modifiers and remodelers. The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. This phosphorylation enhances the accessibility of the cryptic NF-kappa-B-binding sites marking promoters for increased NF-kappa-B recruitment. Phosphorylates CDC25B and CDC25C which is required for binding to 14-3-3 proteins and leads to initiation of a G2 delay after ultraviolet radiation. Phosphorylates TIAR following DNA damage, releasing TIAR from GADD45A mRNA and preventing mRNA degradation. The p38 MAPKs may also have kinase-independent roles, which are thought to be due to the binding to targets in the absence of phosphorylation. Protein O-Glc-N-acylation catalyzed by the OGT is regulated by MAPK14, and, although OGT does not seem to be phosphorylated by MAPK14, their interaction increases upon MAPK14 activation induced by glucose deprivation. This interaction may regulate OGT activity by recruiting it to specific targets such as neurofilament H, stimulating its O-Glc-N-acylation. Required in mid-fetal development for the growth of embryo-derived blood vessels in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. Also plays an essential role in developmental and stress-induced erythropoiesis, through regulation of EPO gene expression. Isoform MXI2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform EXIP may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis. Phosphorylates S100A9 at 'Thr-113'.<ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9430721</ref> <ref>PMID:9792677</ref> <ref>PMID:9858528</ref> <ref>PMID:10330143</ref> <ref>PMID:10943842</ref> <ref>PMID:10838079</ref> <ref>PMID:10747897</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:11333986</ref> <ref>PMID:15905572</ref> <ref>PMID:16932740</ref> <ref>PMID:17003045</ref> <ref>PMID:17724032</ref> <ref>PMID:19893488</ref> <ref>PMID:20932473</ref> <ref>PMID:20188673</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]

OCA at 11:05, 27 March 2020

2020-03-27T11:05:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:05, 27 March 2020
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	==mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant==		==mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant==
	<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>
Line 32:		Line 32:

	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase\|Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]		*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3D structures\|Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3D structures]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
Line 38:		Line 38:
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Human]]		[[Category: Human]]
			[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Transferase]]		[[Category: Transferase]]
	[[Category: Diskin, R]]		[[Category: Diskin, R]]

OCA at 06:51, 20 June 2018

2018-06-20T06:51:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:51, 20 June 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant==		==mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant==
	<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>
Line 6:		Line 7:
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1 2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1 2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2fso ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
Line 14:		Line 15:
	Check<jmol>		Check<jmol>
	<jmolCheckbox>		<jmolCheckbox>
	<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/fs/2fso_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>		<scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/fs/2fso_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
	<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>		<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
	<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>		<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
	</jmolCheckbox>		</jmolCheckbox>
	</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/~~chain_selection~~.php?pdb_ID=~~2ata~~ ConSurf].		</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2fso ConSurf].
	<div style="clear:both"></div>		<div style="clear:both"></div>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">

OCA at 17:26, 11 September 2015

2015-09-11T17:26:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:26, 11 September 2015
Line 2:		Line 2:
	<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Non-specific_serine/threonine_protein_kinase Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase~~], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1 2.7.11.1] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase Transferase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1 2.7.11.1, 2.7.11.8, 2.7.11.9, 2.7.11.10, 2.7.11.11, 2.7.11.12, 2.7.11.13, 2.7.11.21, 2.7.11.22, 2.7.11.24, 2.7.11.25, 2.7.11.30 and 2.7.12.1] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://pdbe.org/2fso PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
Line 28:		Line 28:
	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	</div>		</div>
			<div class="pdbe-citations 2fso" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

	==See Also==		==See Also==
Line 35:		Line 36:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: ~~Homo sapiens~~]]		[[Category: Human]]
	[[Category: ~~Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase~~]]		[[Category: Transferase]]
	[[Category: Diskin, R]]		[[Category: Diskin, R]]
	[[Category: Livnah, O]]		[[Category: Livnah, O]]
Line 45:		Line 46:
	[[Category: Mitogen activated protein kinase]]		[[Category: Mitogen activated protein kinase]]
	[[Category: P38]]		[[Category: P38]]
	~~[[Category: Transferase]]~~

OCA at 19:36, 25 December 2014

2014-12-25T19:36:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:36, 25 December 2014
Line 3:		Line 3:
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene><br>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene></td></tr>
	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>
	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_serine/threonine_protein_kinase Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1 2.7.11.1] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_serine/threonine_protein_kinase Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1 2.7.11.1] </span></td></tr>
	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	<table>		</table>
			== Function ==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK14_HUMAN MK14_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK14 is one of the four p38 MAPKs which play an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress leading to direct activation of transcription factors. Accordingly, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate a broad range of proteins and it has been estimated that they may have approximately 200 to 300 substrates each. Some of the targets are downstream kinases which are activated through phosphorylation and further phosphorylate additional targets. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 can directly phosphorylate and activate transcription factors such as CREB1, ATF1, the NF-kappa-B isoform RELA/NFKB3, STAT1 and STAT3, but can also phosphorylate histone H3 and the nucleosomal protein HMGN1. RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA4/MSK2 play important roles in the rapid induction of immediate-early genes in response to stress or mitogenic stimuli, either by inducing chromatin remodeling or by recruiting the transcription machinery. On the other hand, two other kinase targets, MAPKAPK2/MK2 and MAPKAPK3/MK3, participate in the control of gene expression mostly at the post-transcriptional level, by phosphorylating ZFP36 (tristetraprolin) and ELAVL1, and by regulating EEF2K, which is important for the elongation of mRNA during translation. MKNK1/MNK1 and MKNK2/MNK2, two other kinases activated by p38 MAPKs, regulate protein synthesis by phosphorylating the initiation factor EIF4E2. MAPK14 interacts also with casein kinase II, leading to its activation through autophosphorylation and further phosphorylation of TP53/p53. In the cytoplasm, the p38 MAPK pathway is an important regulator of protein turnover. For example, CFLAR is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis whose proteasome-mediated degradation is regulated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In a similar way, MAPK14 phosphorylates the ubiquitin ligase SIAH2, regulating its activity towards EGLN3. MAPK14 may also inhibit the lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy by interfering with the intracellular trafficking of the transmembrane protein ATG9. Another function of MAPK14 is to regulate the endocytosis of membrane receptors by different mechanisms that impinge on the small GTPase RAB5A. In addition, clathrin-mediated EGFR internalization induced by inflammatory cytokines and UV irradiation depends on MAPK14-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR itself as well as of RAB5A effectors. Ectodomain shedding of transmembrane proteins is regulated by p38 MAPKs as well. In response to inflammatory stimuli, p38 MAPKs phosphorylate the membrane-associated metalloprotease ADAM17. Such phosphorylation is required for ADAM17-mediated ectodomain shedding of TGF-alpha family ligands, which results in the activation of EGFR signaling and cell proliferation. Another p38 MAPK substrate is FGFR1. FGFR1 can be translocated from the extracellular space into the cytosol and nucleus of target cells, and regulates processes such as rRNA synthesis and cell growth. FGFR1 translocation requires p38 MAPK activation. In the nucleus, many transcription factors are phosphorylated and activated by p38 MAPKs in response to different stimuli. Classical examples include ATF1, ATF2, ATF6, ELK1, PTPRH, DDIT3, TP53/p53 and MEF2C and MEF2A. The p38 MAPKs are emerging as important modulators of gene expression by regulating chromatin modifiers and remodelers. The promoters of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, such as IL6, IL8 and IL12B, display a p38 MAPK-dependent enrichment of histone H3 phosphorylation on 'Ser-10' (H3S10ph) in LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. This phosphorylation enhances the accessibility of the cryptic NF-kappa-B-binding sites marking promoters for increased NF-kappa-B recruitment. Phosphorylates CDC25B and CDC25C which is required for binding to 14-3-3 proteins and leads to initiation of a G2 delay after ultraviolet radiation. Phosphorylates TIAR following DNA damage, releasing TIAR from GADD45A mRNA and preventing mRNA degradation. The p38 MAPKs may also have kinase-independent roles, which are thought to be due to the binding to targets in the absence of phosphorylation. Protein O-Glc-N-acylation catalyzed by the OGT is regulated by MAPK14, and, although OGT does not seem to be phosphorylated by MAPK14, their interaction increases upon MAPK14 activation induced by glucose deprivation. This interaction may regulate OGT activity by recruiting it to specific targets such as neurofilament H, stimulating its O-Glc-N-acylation. Required in mid-fetal development for the growth of embryo-derived blood vessels in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. Also plays an essential role in developmental and stress-induced erythropoiesis, through regulation of EPO gene expression. Isoform MXI2 activation is stimulated by mitogens and oxidative stress and only poorly phosphorylates ELK1 and ATF2. Isoform EXIP may play a role in the early onset of apoptosis. Phosphorylates S100A9 at 'Thr-113'.<ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9430721</ref> <ref>PMID:9792677</ref> <ref>PMID:9858528</ref> <ref>PMID:10330143</ref> <ref>PMID:10943842</ref> <ref>PMID:10838079</ref> <ref>PMID:10747897</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:11333986</ref> <ref>PMID:15905572</ref> <ref>PMID:16932740</ref> <ref>PMID:17003045</ref> <ref>PMID:17724032</ref> <ref>PMID:19893488</ref> <ref>PMID:20932473</ref> <ref>PMID:20188673</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
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	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase]]		[[Category: Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase]]
	[[Category: Diskin, R.]]		[[Category: Diskin, R]]
	[[Category: Livnah, O.]]		[[Category: Livnah, O]]
	[[Category: Active mutant]]		[[Category: Active mutant]]
	[[Category: Autophosphorylation]]		[[Category: Autophosphorylation]]

OCA at 02:51, 29 September 2014

2014-09-29T02:51:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:51, 29 September 2014
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	[[Image:~~2fso~~.~~png~~\|~~left~~\|~~200px~~]]		==mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant==
			<StructureSection load='2fso' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2fso]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 1.83Å' scene=''>
			== Structural highlights ==
			<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FSO FirstGlance]. <br>
			</td></tr><tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BOG:B-OCTYLGLUCOSIDE'>BOG</scene><br>
			<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[2fsl\|2fsl]], [[2fsm\|2fsm]], [[2fst\|2fst]]</td></tr>
			<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_serine/threonine_protein_kinase Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.1 2.7.11.1] </span></td></tr>
			<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fso FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fso OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fso RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fso PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
			<table>
			== Evolutionary Conservation ==
			[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
			Check<jmol>
			<jmolCheckbox>
			<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/fs/2fso_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
			<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
			<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
			</jmolCheckbox>
			</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/chain_selection.php?pdb_ID=2ata ConSurf].
			<div style="clear:both"></div>
			<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
			== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
			p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases function in numerous signaling processes and are crucial for normal functions of cells and organisms. Abnormal p38 activity is associated with inflammatory diseases and cancers making the understanding of its activation mechanisms highly important. p38s are commonly activated by phosphorylation, catalyzed by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs). Moreover, it was recently revealed that the p38alpha is also activated via alternative pathways, which are MKK independent. The structural basis of p38 activation, especially in the alternative pathways, is mostly unknown. This lack of structural data hinders the study of p38's biology as well as the development of novel strategies for p38 inhibition. We have recently discovered and optimized a novel set of intrinsically active p38 mutants whose activities are independent of any upstream activation. The high-resolution crystal structures of the intrinsically active p38alpha mutants reveal that local alterations in the L16 loop region promote kinase activation. The L16 loop can be thus regarded as a molecular switch that upon conformational changes promotes activation. We suggest that similar conformational changes in L16 loop also occur in natural activation mechanisms of p38alpha in T-cells. Our biochemical studies reveal novel mechanistic insights into the activation process of p38. In this regard, the results indicate that the activation mechanism of the mutants involves dimerization and subsequent trans autophosphorylation on Thr180 (on the phosphorylation lip). Finally, we suggest a model of in vivo p38alpha activation induced by the L16 switch with auto regulatory characteristics.

	~~{{STRUCTURE_2fso\| PDB=2fso \| SCENE= }}~~		Structures of p38alpha active mutants reveal conformational changes in L16 loop that induce autophosphorylation and activation.,Diskin R, Lebendiker M, Engelberg D, Livnah O J Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 5;365(1):66-76. Epub 2006 Aug 22. PMID:17059827<ref>PMID:17059827</ref>

	~~===mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant===~~		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
			</div>
	~~{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_17059827}}~~

	~~==About this Structure==~~
	~~[[2fso]] is~~ a ~~1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia~~.~~org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]~~. ~~Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin~~/~~ocashort?id=2FSO OCA].~~

	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase\|Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]		*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase\|Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
			== References ==
	==~~Reference~~==		<references/>
	<~~ref group="xtra">PMID:017059827<~~/~~ref~~><~~references group="xtra"~~/>		__TOC__
			</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase]]		[[Category: Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase]]

OCA at 20:37, 20 October 2012

2012-10-20T20:37:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:37, 20 October 2012
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	==About this Structure==		==About this Structure==
	[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure ~~of [[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]~~ with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA].		[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA].

	==See Also==		==See Also==

OCA: Protected "2fso" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

2012-07-27T11:04:02Z

Protected "2fso" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:04, 27 July 2012
(No difference)

OCA at 11:04, 27 July 2012

2012-07-27T11:04:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 27 July 2012
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	~~{{Seed}}~~
	[[Image:2fso.png\|left\|200px]]		[[Image:2fso.png\|left\|200px]]

	~~<!--~~
	~~The line below this paragraph, containing "STRUCTURE_2fso", creates the "Structure Box" on the page.~~
	~~You may change the PDB parameter (which sets the PDB file loaded into the applet)~~
	~~or the SCENE parameter (which sets the initial scene displayed when the page is loaded),~~
	~~or leave the SCENE parameter empty for the default display.~~
	~~-->~~
	{{STRUCTURE_2fso\| PDB=2fso \| SCENE= }}		{{STRUCTURE_2fso\| PDB=2fso \| SCENE= }}

	===mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant===		===mitogen activated protein kinase p38alpha (D176A) activating mutant===


	~~<!--~~
	~~The line below this paragraph, {{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_17059827}}, adds the Publication Abstract to the page~~
	~~(as it appears on PubMed at http://www.pubmed.gov), where 17059827 is the PubMed ID number.~~
	~~-->~~
	{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_17059827}}		{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_17059827}}

	==About this Structure==		==About this Structure==
	~~2FSO~~ is a 1 chain structure of sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA].		[[2fso]] is a 1 chain structure of [[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]] with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FSO OCA].

			==See Also==
			*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase\|Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]

	==Reference==		==Reference==
	<ref group="xtra">PMID:~~17059827~~</ref><references group="xtra"/>		<ref group="xtra">PMID:017059827</ref><references group="xtra"/>
	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase]]		[[Category: Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase]]
Line 34:		Line 25:
	[[Category: Mitogen activated protein kinase]]		[[Category: Mitogen activated protein kinase]]
	[[Category: P38]]		[[Category: P38]]
			[[Category: Transferase]]
	~~''Page seeded by~~ [~~http~~:~~//oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca OCA~~ ] ~~on Wed Feb 18 04:43:59 2009''~~