4ify - Revision history

OCA at 11:56, 1 March 2024

2024-03-01T11:56:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:56, 1 March 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_BH10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BH10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_BH10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BH10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution\|Resolution]] 2.1Å</td></tr>
			<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4ify PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4ify ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4ify PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4ify ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref>		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref>
	~~<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">~~
	~~== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==~~
	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in viral replication and is an attractive target for antiretroviral therapy. RT, a p66/p51 heterodimer, is a multi-domain protein that undergoes a series of conformational changes during the replication of the HIV-1 genome. The intrinsic flexibility of RT can provide novel allosteric sites for inhibition. Crystals of RT that diffract X-rays to better than 2 A resolution facilitated the probing of RT for new druggable sites using X-ray crystallographic fragment screening. A total of 775 fragments were grouped into 143 cocktails, which were soaked into crystals of RT in complex with the non-nucleoside drug Edurant (TMC278/rilpivirine). Fragment binding was observed at seven new binding sites. These include the incoming nucleotide binding, Knuckles, NNRTI Adjacent, and 399 sites, located in the polymerase region of RT, and the 428, RNase H primer grip adjacent, and 507 sites, located in the RNase H region. Three of these sites-Knuckles, NNRTI adjacent, and the incoming nucleotide binding-are inhibitory and provide opportunities for discovery of new anti-AIDS drugs.

	Detecting allosteric sites of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by X-ray crystallographic fragment screening.,Bauman JD, Patel D, Dharia C, Fromer M, Ahmed S, Frenkel Y, Eck JT, Ho W, Das K, Shatkin A, Arnold E J Med Chem. 2013 Jan 23. PMID:23342998<ref>PMID:23342998</ref>

	~~From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~<div class="pdbe-citations 4ify" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>~~

	==See Also==		==See Also==

OCA at 09:09, 9 November 2022

2022-11-09T09:09:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 9 November 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site==		==HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site==
	<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Hiv-1 Hiv-~~1]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_BH10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BH10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene>~~</td></tr>~~		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4icl\|4icl]], [[4id5\|4id5]], [[4idk\|4idk]], [[4ifv\|4ifv]], [[4ig0\|4ig0]], [[4ig3\|4ig3]], [[4i7g\|4i7g]]</td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4ify PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4ify ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	~~<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">gag-pol, POL ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=11678 HIV-1])~~</td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/4ify PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4ify ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[~~[http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1]] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref>		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Line 20:		Line 18:
	</div>		</div>
	<div class="pdbe-citations 4ify" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>		<div class="pdbe-citations 4ify" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

			==See Also==
			*[[Reverse transcriptase 3D structures\|Reverse transcriptase 3D structures]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: ~~Hiv-~~1]]		[[Category: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BH10]]
	[[Category: ~~Arnold, E~~]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: ~~Bauman, J D~~]]		[[Category: Arnold E]]
	[[Category: ~~Patel, D~~]]		[[Category: Bauman JD]]
	[[Category: ~~Dna polymerase]]~~		[[Category: Patel D]]
	~~[[Category: Endonuclease]]~~
	~~[[Category: Hydrolase]]~~
	~~[[Category: Multifunctional enzyme]]~~
	~~[[Category: Rna-directed dna polymerase]]~~
	~~[[Category: Transferase-transferase inhibitor complex~~]]

OCA at 08:55, 15 November 2017

2017-11-15T08:55:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:55, 15 November 2017
Line 20:		Line 20:
	</div>		</div>
	<div class="pdbe-citations 4ify" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>		<div class="pdbe-citations 4ify" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

	~~==See Also==~~
	*[[Reverse transcriptase\|Reverse transcriptase]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

OCA at 17:03, 22 March 2017

2017-03-22T17:03:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:03, 22 March 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site==		==HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site==
	<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>
Line 6:		Line 7:
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4icl\|4icl]], [[4id5\|4id5]], [[4idk\|4idk]], [[4ifv\|4ifv]], [[4ig0\|4ig0]], [[4ig3\|4ig3]], [[4i7g\|4i7g]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4icl\|4icl]], [[4id5\|4id5]], [[4idk\|4idk]], [[4ifv\|4ifv]], [[4ig0\|4ig0]], [[4ig3\|4ig3]], [[4i7g\|4i7g]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">gag-pol, POL ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=11678 HIV-1])</td></tr>		<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">gag-pol, POL ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=11678 HIV-1])</td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://pdbe.org/4ify PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4ify ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
Line 18:		Line 19:
	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	</div>		</div>
			<div class="pdbe-citations 4ify" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

	==See Also==		==See Also==

OCA at 08:15, 17 June 2015

2015-06-17T08:15:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:15, 17 June 2015
Line 2:		Line 2:
	<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_bh10 Human immunodeficiency virus type~~ 1 ~~bh10~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv-1 Hiv-1]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4icl\|4icl]], [[4id5\|4id5]], [[4idk\|4idk]], [[4ifv\|4ifv]], [[4ig0\|4ig0]], [[4ig3\|4ig3]], [[4i7g\|4i7g]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4icl\|4icl]], [[4id5\|4id5]], [[4idk\|4idk]], [[4ifv\|4ifv]], [[4ig0\|4ig0]], [[4ig3\|4ig3]], [[4i7g\|4i7g]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">gag-pol, POL ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=11678 ~~Human immunodeficiency virus type~~ 1 ~~BH10~~])</td></tr>		<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">gag-pol, POL ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=11678 HIV-1])</td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
Line 25:		Line 25:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: ~~Human immunodeficiency virus type~~ 1 ~~bh10~~]]		[[Category: Hiv-1]]
	[[Category: Arnold, E]]		[[Category: Arnold, E]]
	[[Category: Bauman, J D]]		[[Category: Bauman, J D]]

OCA at 02:17, 25 December 2014

2014-12-25T02:17:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:17, 25 December 2014
Line 8:		Line 8:
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
			== Function ==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1]] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==

OCA at 12:23, 21 December 2014

2014-12-21T12:23:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 21 December 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{STRUCTURE_4ify\| PDB=4ify \| SCENE= }}~~		==HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site==
	===HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site===		<StructureSection load='4ify' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ify]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.10Å' scene=''>
	{{~~ABSTRACT_PUBMED_23342998~~}}		== Structural highlights ==
			<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_bh10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4IFY FirstGlance]. <br>
			</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=1FD:1-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYL]METHANAMINE'>1FD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=DMS:DIMETHYL+SULFOXIDE'>DMS</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=T27:4-{[4-({4-[(E)-2-CYANOETHENYL]-2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL}AMINO)PYRIMIDIN-2-YL]AMINO}BENZONITRILE'>T27</scene></td></tr>
			<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4icl\|4icl]], [[4id5\|4id5]], [[4idk\|4idk]], [[4ifv\|4ifv]], [[4ig0\|4ig0]], [[4ig3\|4ig3]], [[4i7g\|4i7g]]</td></tr>
			<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">gag-pol, POL ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=11678 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 BH10])</td></tr>
			<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ify FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ify OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ify RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ify PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
			</table>
			<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
			== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
			HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays an essential role in viral replication and is an attractive target for antiretroviral therapy. RT, a p66/p51 heterodimer, is a multi-domain protein that undergoes a series of conformational changes during the replication of the HIV-1 genome. The intrinsic flexibility of RT can provide novel allosteric sites for inhibition. Crystals of RT that diffract X-rays to better than 2 A resolution facilitated the probing of RT for new druggable sites using X-ray crystallographic fragment screening. A total of 775 fragments were grouped into 143 cocktails, which were soaked into crystals of RT in complex with the non-nucleoside drug Edurant (TMC278/rilpivirine). Fragment binding was observed at seven new binding sites. These include the incoming nucleotide binding, Knuckles, NNRTI Adjacent, and 399 sites, located in the polymerase region of RT, and the 428, RNase H primer grip adjacent, and 507 sites, located in the RNase H region. Three of these sites-Knuckles, NNRTI adjacent, and the incoming nucleotide binding-are inhibitory and provide opportunities for discovery of new anti-AIDS drugs.

	~~==Function==~~		Detecting allosteric sites of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by X-ray crystallographic fragment screening.,Bauman JD, Patel D, Dharia C, Fromer M, Ahmed S, Frenkel Y, Eck JT, Ho W, Das K, Shatkin A, Arnold E J Med Chem. 2013 Jan 23. PMID:23342998<ref>PMID:23342998</ref>
	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1]] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-~~independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs)~~. ~~Secondly~~, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, ~~matrix protein~~, ~~Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA~~, ~~leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step~~, ~~the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins~~, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, ~~5 bp apart.~~ A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, ~~a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration~~. ~~Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity)~~.<ref>PMID:~~9658129~~</ref>

	~~==About this Structure==~~		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	~~[[4ify]] is~~ a ~~2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en~~.~~wikipedia~~.~~org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_bh10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]~~. ~~Full crystallographic information is available from [http:/~~/~~oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA].~~		</div>

	==~~Reference~~==		==See Also==
	<references ~~group="xtra"~~/><~~references~~/>		*[[Reverse transcriptase\|Reverse transcriptase]]
			== References ==
			<references/>
			__TOC__
			</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]]		[[Category: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]]
	[[Category: Arnold, E.]]		[[Category: Arnold, E]]
	[[Category: Bauman, J D.]]		[[Category: Bauman, J D]]
	[[Category: Patel, D.]]		[[Category: Patel, D]]
	[[Category: Dna polymerase]]		[[Category: Dna polymerase]]
	[[Category: Endonuclease]]		[[Category: Endonuclease]]

OCA at 09:35, 24 April 2013

2013-04-24T09:35:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:35, 24 April 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[Image:4ify.jpg\|left\|200px]]~~

	{{STRUCTURE_4ify\| PDB=4ify \| SCENE= }}		{{STRUCTURE_4ify\| PDB=4ify \| SCENE= }}

	===HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site===		===HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site===
			{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_23342998}}

	~~{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_23342998}}~~		==Function==
			[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POL_HV1B1 POL_HV1B1]] Gag-Pol polyprotein and Gag polyprotein may regulate their own translation, by the binding genomic RNA in the 5'-UTR. At low concentration, Gag-Pol and Gag would promote translation, whereas at high concentration, the polyproteins encapsidate genomic RNA and then shutt off translation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Matrix protein p17 has two main functions: in infected cell, it targets Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins to the plasma membrane via a multipartite membrane-binding signal, that includes its myristoylated N-terminus. The second function is to play a role in nuclear localization of the viral genome at the very start of cell infection. Matrix protein is the part of the pre-integration complex. It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. The myristoylation signal and the NLS thus exert conflicting influences its subcellular localization. The key regulation of these motifs might be phosphorylation of a portion of MA molecules on the C-terminal tyrosine at the time of virus maturation, by virion-associated cellular tyrosine kinase. Implicated in the release from host cell mediated by Vpu (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is disassembled soon after virion entry. Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers. Facilitates rearangement of nucleic acid secondary structure during retrotranscription of genomic RNA. This capability is referred to as nucleic acid chaperone activity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell. Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perform a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perform the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for two polypurine tracts (PPTs) situated at the 5'-end and near the center of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPTs that have not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPTs and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref> Integrase catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions. This enzyme activity takes place after virion entry into a cell and reverse transcription of the RNA genome in dsDNA. The first step in the integration process is 3' processing. This step requires a complex comprising the viral genome, matrix protein, Vpr and integrase. This complex is called the pre-integration complex (PIC). The integrase protein removes 2 nucleotides from each 3' end of the viral DNA, leaving recessed CA OH's at the 3' ends. In the second step, the PIC enters cell nucleus. This process is mediated through integrase and Vpr proteins, and allows the virus to infect a non dividing cell. This ability to enter the nucleus is specific of lentiviruses, other retroviruses cannot and rely on cell division to access cell chromosomes. In the third step, termed strand transfer, the integrase protein joins the previously processed 3' ends to the 5' ends of strands of target cellular DNA at the site of integration. The 5'-ends are produced by integrase-catalyzed staggered cuts, 5 bp apart. A Y-shaped, gapped, recombination intermediate results, with the 5'-ends of the viral DNA strands and the 3' ends of target DNA strands remaining unjoined, flanking a gap of 5 bp. The last step is viral DNA integration into host chromosome. This involves host DNA repair synthesis in which the 5 bp gaps between the unjoined strands are filled in and then ligated. Since this process occurs at both cuts flanking the HIV genome, a 5 bp duplication of host DNA is produced at the ends of HIV-1 integration. Alternatively, Integrase may catalyze the excision of viral DNA just after strand transfer, this is termed disintegration (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9658129</ref>

	==About this Structure==		==About this Structure==
	[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_bh10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA].		[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_bh10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA].

			==Reference==
			<references group="xtra"/><references/>
	[[Category: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]]		[[Category: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]]
	[[Category: Arnold, E.]]		[[Category: Arnold, E.]]

OCA at 12:49, 6 February 2013

2013-02-06T12:49:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:49, 6 February 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~'''Unreleased structure'''~~		[[Image:4ify.jpg\|left\|200px]]

	~~The entry~~ 4ify ~~is ON HOLD~~		{{STRUCTURE_4ify\| PDB=4ify \| SCENE= }}

	~~Authors: Bauman, J.D., Patel, D., Arnold, E.~~		===HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site===

	~~Description~~: ~~HIV~~-1 ~~reverse transcriptase with bound fragment at the Knuckles site~~		{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_23342998}}

			==About this Structure==
			[[4ify]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_bh10 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4IFY OCA].
			[[Category: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 bh10]]
			[[Category: Arnold, E.]]
			[[Category: Bauman, J D.]]
			[[Category: Patel, D.]]
			[[Category: Dna polymerase]]
			[[Category: Endonuclease]]
			[[Category: Hydrolase]]
			[[Category: Multifunctional enzyme]]
			[[Category: Rna-directed dna polymerase]]
			[[Category: Transferase-transferase inhibitor complex]]

OCA: Protected "4ify" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

2013-01-02T08:57:02Z

Protected "4ify" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

← Older revision	Revision as of 08:57, 2 January 2013
(No difference)