5fpy - Revision history

OCA at 13:18, 26 July 2023

2023-07-26T13:18:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 26 July 2023
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='5fpy' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5fpy]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.52Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='5fpy' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5fpy]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.52Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5fpy]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Hcv Hcv~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5FPY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5FPY FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5fpy]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus_(isolate_BK) Hepatitis C virus (isolate BK)]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5FPY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5FPY FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='~~ligand~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Ligand~~\|~~Ligands~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="~~ligandDat~~">~~<scene name='pdbligand=R2N:5-BROMO-1-METHYL-1H-INDOLE~~-2~~-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>R2N</scene>~~</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution\|Resolution]] 2.52Å</td></tr>
	<tr id='~~related~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Related_structure~~\|~~Related~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">~~[[5fp5\|5fp5]], [[5fp6\|5fp6]], [[5fpd\|5fpd]], [[5fpe\|5fpe]], [[5fpm\|5fpm]], [[5fpn\|5fpn]], [[5fpo\|5fpo]], [[5fpr\|5fpr]], [[5fps\|5fps]], [[5fpt\|5fpt]]~~</td></tr>		<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=R2N:5-BROMO-1-METHYL-1H-INDOLE-2-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>R2N</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5fpy FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5fpy OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/5fpy PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5fpy RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5fpy PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5fpy ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5fpy FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5fpy OCA], [https://pdbe.org/5fpy PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5fpy RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5fpy PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5fpy ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[~~[http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POLG_HCVBK POLG_HCVBK]] Core protein packages viral RNA to form a viral nucleocapsid, and promotes virion budding. Modulates viral translation initiation by interacting with HCV IRES and 40S ribosomal subunit. Also regulates many host cellular functions such as signaling pathways and apoptosis. Prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma signaling pathways and by inducing human STAT1 degradation. Thought to play a role in virus-mediated cell transformation leading to hepatocellular carcinomas. Interacts with, and activates STAT3 leading to cellular transformation. May repress the promoter of p53, and sequester CREB3 and SP110 isoform 3/Sp110b in the cytoplasm. Also represses cell cycle negative regulating factor CDKN1A, thereby interrupting an important check point of normal cell cycle regulation. Targets transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and in the immune response: suppresses NK-kappaB activation, and activates AP-1. Could mediate apoptotic pathways through association with TNF-type receptors TNFRSF1A and LTBR, although its effect on death receptor-induced apoptosis remains controversial. Enhances TRAIL mediated apoptosis, suggesting that it might play a role in immune-mediated liver cell injury. Seric core protein is able to bind C1QR1 at the T-cell surface, resulting in down-regulation of T-lymphocytes proliferation. May transactivate human MYC, Rous sarcoma virus LTR, and SV40 promoters. May suppress the human FOS and HIV-1 LTR activity. Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage. Core protein induces up-regulation of FAS promoter activity, and thereby probably contributes to the increased triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis) (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> E1 and E2 glycoproteins form a heterodimer that is involved in virus attachment to the host cell, virion internalization through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and fusion with host membrane. E1/E2 heterodimer binds to human LDLR, CD81 and SCARB1/SR-BI receptors, but this binding is not sufficient for infection, some additional liver specific cofactors may be needed. The fusion function may possibly be carried by E1. E2 inhibits human EIF2AK2/PKR activation, preventing the establishment of an antiviral state. E2 is a viral ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs), and on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophage-like cells of lymph node sinuses. These interactions allow capture of circulating HCV particles by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. DCs act as sentinels in various tissues where they entrap pathogens and convey them to local lymphoid tissue or lymph node for establishment of immunity. Capture of circulating HCV particles by these SIGN+ cells may facilitate virus infection of proximal hepatocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations and may be essential for the establishment of persistent infection (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> P7 seems to be a heptameric ion channel protein (viroporin) and is inhibited by the antiviral drug amantadine. Also inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives. Essential for infectivity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> Protease NS2-3 is a cysteine protease responsible for the autocatalytic cleavage of NS2-NS3. Seems to undergo self-inactivation following maturation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS3 displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease, NTPase and RNA helicase. NS3 serine protease, in association with NS4A, is responsible for the cleavages of NS3-NS4A, NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B. NS3/NS4A complex also prevents phosphorylation of human IRF3, thus preventing the establishment of dsRNA induced antiviral state. NS3 RNA helicase binds to RNA and unwinds dsRNA in the 3' to 5' direction, and likely RNA stable secondary structure in the template strand. Cleaves and inhibits the host antiviral protein MAVS (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS4B induces a specific membrane alteration that serves as a scaffold for the virus replication complex. This membrane alteration gives rise to the so-called ER-derived membranous web that contains the replication complex (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS5A is a component of the replication complex involved in RNA-binding. Its interaction with Human VAPB may target the viral replication complex to vesicles. Down-regulates viral IRES translation initiation. Mediates interferon resistance, presumably by interacting with and inhibiting human EIF2AK2/PKR. Seems to inhibit apoptosis by interacting with BIN1 and FKBP8. The hyperphosphorylated form of NS5A is an inhibitor of viral replication (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS5B is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that plays an essential role in the virus replication (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref>		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POLG_HCVBK POLG_HCVBK] Core protein packages viral RNA to form a viral nucleocapsid, and promotes virion budding. Modulates viral translation initiation by interacting with HCV IRES and 40S ribosomal subunit. Also regulates many host cellular functions such as signaling pathways and apoptosis. Prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma signaling pathways and by inducing human STAT1 degradation. Thought to play a role in virus-mediated cell transformation leading to hepatocellular carcinomas. Interacts with, and activates STAT3 leading to cellular transformation. May repress the promoter of p53, and sequester CREB3 and SP110 isoform 3/Sp110b in the cytoplasm. Also represses cell cycle negative regulating factor CDKN1A, thereby interrupting an important check point of normal cell cycle regulation. Targets transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and in the immune response: suppresses NK-kappaB activation, and activates AP-1. Could mediate apoptotic pathways through association with TNF-type receptors TNFRSF1A and LTBR, although its effect on death receptor-induced apoptosis remains controversial. Enhances TRAIL mediated apoptosis, suggesting that it might play a role in immune-mediated liver cell injury. Seric core protein is able to bind C1QR1 at the T-cell surface, resulting in down-regulation of T-lymphocytes proliferation. May transactivate human MYC, Rous sarcoma virus LTR, and SV40 promoters. May suppress the human FOS and HIV-1 LTR activity. Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage. Core protein induces up-regulation of FAS promoter activity, and thereby probably contributes to the increased triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis) (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> E1 and E2 glycoproteins form a heterodimer that is involved in virus attachment to the host cell, virion internalization through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and fusion with host membrane. E1/E2 heterodimer binds to human LDLR, CD81 and SCARB1/SR-BI receptors, but this binding is not sufficient for infection, some additional liver specific cofactors may be needed. The fusion function may possibly be carried by E1. E2 inhibits human EIF2AK2/PKR activation, preventing the establishment of an antiviral state. E2 is a viral ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs), and on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophage-like cells of lymph node sinuses. These interactions allow capture of circulating HCV particles by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. DCs act as sentinels in various tissues where they entrap pathogens and convey them to local lymphoid tissue or lymph node for establishment of immunity. Capture of circulating HCV particles by these SIGN+ cells may facilitate virus infection of proximal hepatocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations and may be essential for the establishment of persistent infection (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> P7 seems to be a heptameric ion channel protein (viroporin) and is inhibited by the antiviral drug amantadine. Also inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives. Essential for infectivity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> Protease NS2-3 is a cysteine protease responsible for the autocatalytic cleavage of NS2-NS3. Seems to undergo self-inactivation following maturation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS3 displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease, NTPase and RNA helicase. NS3 serine protease, in association with NS4A, is responsible for the cleavages of NS3-NS4A, NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B. NS3/NS4A complex also prevents phosphorylation of human IRF3, thus preventing the establishment of dsRNA induced antiviral state. NS3 RNA helicase binds to RNA and unwinds dsRNA in the 3' to 5' direction, and likely RNA stable secondary structure in the template strand. Cleaves and inhibits the host antiviral protein MAVS (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS4B induces a specific membrane alteration that serves as a scaffold for the virus replication complex. This membrane alteration gives rise to the so-called ER-derived membranous web that contains the replication complex (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS5A is a component of the replication complex involved in RNA-binding. Its interaction with Human VAPB may target the viral replication complex to vesicles. Down-regulates viral IRES translation initiation. Mediates interferon resistance, presumably by interacting with and inhibiting human EIF2AK2/PKR. Seems to inhibit apoptosis by interacting with BIN1 and FKBP8. The hyperphosphorylated form of NS5A is an inhibitor of viral replication (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS5B is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that plays an essential role in the virus replication (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
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	</div>		</div>
	<div class="pdbe-citations 5fpy" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>		<div class="pdbe-citations 5fpy" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

			==See Also==
			*[[Virus protease 3D structures\|Virus protease 3D structures]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	~~[[Category: Hcv]]~~
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Davies~~, T G~~]]		[[Category: Davies TG]]
	[[Category: Jhoti, H]]		[[Category: Jhoti H]]
	[[Category: Ludlow~~, R F~~]]		[[Category: Ludlow RF]]
	[[Category: Saini~~, H K~~]]		[[Category: Saini HK]]
	[[Category: Tickle~~, I J~~]]		[[Category: Tickle IJ]]
	[[Category: Verdonk, M]]		[[Category: Verdonk M]]
	~~[[Category: Alternate binding site]]~~
	~~[[Category: At21457]]~~
	~~[[Category: Fragment screening]]~~
	~~[[Category: Hepatitis c virus]]~~
	~~[[Category: Hydrolase]]~~
	~~[[Category: Ns3 complex]]~~
	~~[[Category: Protease-helicase]]~~
	~~[[Category: Protein-ligand complex~~]]

OCA at 07:31, 6 May 2020

2020-05-06T07:31:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:31, 6 May 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) full-length NS3 complex with small-molecule ligand 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (AT21457) in an alternate binding site.==		==Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) full-length NS3 complex with small-molecule ligand 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (AT21457) in an alternate binding site.==
	<StructureSection load='5fpy' size='340' side='right' caption='[[5fpy]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.52Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='5fpy' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5fpy]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.52Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5fpy]] is a 2 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5FPY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://~~oca.weizmann.ac~~.~~il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5FPY FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5fpy]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hcv Hcv]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5FPY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5FPY FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=R2N:5-BROMO-1-METHYL-1H-INDOLE-2-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>R2N</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=R2N:5-BROMO-1-METHYL-1H-INDOLE-2-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>R2N</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[5fp5\|5fp5]], [[5fp6\|5fp6]], [[5fpd\|5fpd]], [[5fpe\|5fpe]], [[5fpm\|5fpm]], [[5fpn\|5fpn]], [[5fpo\|5fpo]], [[5fpr\|5fpr]], [[5fps\|5fps]], [[5fpt\|5fpt]]</td></tr>		<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure\|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[5fp5\|5fp5]], [[5fp6\|5fp6]], [[5fpd\|5fpd]], [[5fpe\|5fpe]], [[5fpm\|5fpm]], [[5fpn\|5fpn]], [[5fpo\|5fpo]], [[5fpr\|5fpr]], [[5fps\|5fps]], [[5fpt\|5fpt]]</td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5fpy FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5fpy OCA], [http://pdbe.org/5fpy PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5fpy RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5fpy PDBsum]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5fpy FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5fpy OCA], [http://pdbe.org/5fpy PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5fpy RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5fpy PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5fpy ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
Line 22:		Line 23:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
			[[Category: Hcv]]
			[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Davies, T G]]		[[Category: Davies, T G]]
	[[Category: Jhoti, H]]		[[Category: Jhoti, H]]
Line 31:		Line 34:
	[[Category: At21457]]		[[Category: At21457]]
	[[Category: Fragment screening]]		[[Category: Fragment screening]]
	~~[[Category: Hcv]]~~
	[[Category: Hepatitis c virus]]		[[Category: Hepatitis c virus]]
	[[Category: Hydrolase]]		[[Category: Hydrolase]]

OCA: Protected "5fpy" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

2015-12-23T12:40:54Z

Protected "5fpy" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:40, 23 December 2015
(No difference)

OCA: New page: ==Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) full-length NS3 complex with small-molecule ligand 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (AT21457) in an alternate binding site.==
2015-12-23T12:40:49Z

New page: ==Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) full-length NS3 complex with small-molecule ligand 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (AT21457) in an alternate binding site.== <StructureS...

New page
==Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) full-length NS3 complex with small-molecule ligand 5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (AT21457) in an alternate binding site.==
<StructureSection load='5fpy' size='340' side='right' caption='[[5fpy]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.52Å' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5fpy]] is a 2 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5FPY OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5FPY FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=R2N:5-BROMO-1-METHYL-1H-INDOLE-2-CARBOXYLIC+ACID'>R2N</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[5fp5|5fp5]], [[5fp6|5fp6]], [[5fpd|5fpd]], [[5fpe|5fpe]], [[5fpm|5fpm]], [[5fpn|5fpn]], [[5fpo|5fpo]], [[5fpr|5fpr]], [[5fps|5fps]], [[5fpt|5fpt]]</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5fpy FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5fpy OCA], [http://pdbe.org/5fpy PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5fpy RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5fpy PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/POLG_HCVBK POLG_HCVBK]] Core protein packages viral RNA to form a viral nucleocapsid, and promotes virion budding. Modulates viral translation initiation by interacting with HCV IRES and 40S ribosomal subunit. Also regulates many host cellular functions such as signaling pathways and apoptosis. Prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma signaling pathways and by inducing human STAT1 degradation. Thought to play a role in virus-mediated cell transformation leading to hepatocellular carcinomas. Interacts with, and activates STAT3 leading to cellular transformation. May repress the promoter of p53, and sequester CREB3 and SP110 isoform 3/Sp110b in the cytoplasm. Also represses cell cycle negative regulating factor CDKN1A, thereby interrupting an important check point of normal cell cycle regulation. Targets transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and in the immune response: suppresses NK-kappaB activation, and activates AP-1. Could mediate apoptotic pathways through association with TNF-type receptors TNFRSF1A and LTBR, although its effect on death receptor-induced apoptosis remains controversial. Enhances TRAIL mediated apoptosis, suggesting that it might play a role in immune-mediated liver cell injury. Seric core protein is able to bind C1QR1 at the T-cell surface, resulting in down-regulation of T-lymphocytes proliferation. May transactivate human MYC, Rous sarcoma virus LTR, and SV40 promoters. May suppress the human FOS and HIV-1 LTR activity. Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage. Core protein induces up-regulation of FAS promoter activity, and thereby probably contributes to the increased triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis) (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> E1 and E2 glycoproteins form a heterodimer that is involved in virus attachment to the host cell, virion internalization through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and fusion with host membrane. E1/E2 heterodimer binds to human LDLR, CD81 and SCARB1/SR-BI receptors, but this binding is not sufficient for infection, some additional liver specific cofactors may be needed. The fusion function may possibly be carried by E1. E2 inhibits human EIF2AK2/PKR activation, preventing the establishment of an antiviral state. E2 is a viral ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs), and on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophage-like cells of lymph node sinuses. These interactions allow capture of circulating HCV particles by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. DCs act as sentinels in various tissues where they entrap pathogens and convey them to local lymphoid tissue or lymph node for establishment of immunity. Capture of circulating HCV particles by these SIGN+ cells may facilitate virus infection of proximal hepatocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations and may be essential for the establishment of persistent infection (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> P7 seems to be a heptameric ion channel protein (viroporin) and is inhibited by the antiviral drug amantadine. Also inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives. Essential for infectivity (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> Protease NS2-3 is a cysteine protease responsible for the autocatalytic cleavage of NS2-NS3. Seems to undergo self-inactivation following maturation (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS3 displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease, NTPase and RNA helicase. NS3 serine protease, in association with NS4A, is responsible for the cleavages of NS3-NS4A, NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B. NS3/NS4A complex also prevents phosphorylation of human IRF3, thus preventing the establishment of dsRNA induced antiviral state. NS3 RNA helicase binds to RNA and unwinds dsRNA in the 3' to 5' direction, and likely RNA stable secondary structure in the template strand. Cleaves and inhibits the host antiviral protein MAVS (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS4B induces a specific membrane alteration that serves as a scaffold for the virus replication complex. This membrane alteration gives rise to the so-called ER-derived membranous web that contains the replication complex (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS5A is a component of the replication complex involved in RNA-binding. Its interaction with Human VAPB may target the viral replication complex to vesicles. Down-regulates viral IRES translation initiation. Mediates interferon resistance, presumably by interacting with and inhibiting human EIF2AK2/PKR. Seems to inhibit apoptosis by interacting with BIN1 and FKBP8. The hyperphosphorylated form of NS5A is an inhibitor of viral replication (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref> NS5B is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that plays an essential role in the virus replication (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9710605</ref> <ref>PMID:16530520</ref> <ref>PMID:17188392</ref>
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Proteins need to be tightly regulated as they control biological processes in most normal cellular functions. The precise mechanisms of regulation are rarely completely understood but can involve binding of endogenous ligands and/or partner proteins at specific locations on a protein that can modulate function. Often, these additional secondary binding sites appear separate to the primary binding site, which, for example for an enzyme, may bind a substrate. In previous work, we have uncovered several examples in which secondary binding sites were discovered on proteins using fragment screening approaches. In each case, we were able to establish that the newly identified secondary binding site was biologically relevant as it was able to modulate function by the binding of a small molecule. In this study, we investigate how often secondary binding sites are located on proteins by analyzing 24 protein targets for which we have performed a fragment screen using X-ray crystallography. Our analysis shows that, surprisingly, the majority of proteins contain secondary binding sites based on their ability to bind fragments. Furthermore, sequence analysis of these previously unknown sites indicate high conservation, which suggests that they may have a biological function, perhaps via an allosteric mechanism. Comparing the physicochemical properties of the secondary sites with known primary ligand binding sites also shows broad similarities indicating that many of the secondary sites may be druggable in nature with small molecules that could provide new opportunities to modulate potential therapeutic targets.

Detection of secondary binding sites in proteins using fragment screening.,Ludlow RF, Verdonk ML, Saini HK, Tickle IJ, Jhoti H Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Dec 11. pii: 201518946. PMID:26655740<ref>PMID:26655740</ref>

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 5fpy" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
TOC
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Davies, T G]]
[[Category: Jhoti, H]]
[[Category: Ludlow, R F]]
[[Category: Saini, H K]]
[[Category: Tickle, I J]]
[[Category: Verdonk, M]]
[[Category: Alternate binding site]]
[[Category: At21457]]
[[Category: Fragment screening]]
[[Category: Hcv]]
[[Category: Hepatitis c virus]]
[[Category: Hydrolase]]
[[Category: Ns3 complex]]
[[Category: Protease-helicase]]
[[Category: Protein-ligand complex]]