6sof - Revision history

OCA at 10:28, 23 October 2024

2024-10-23T10:28:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:28, 23 October 2024
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	<SX load='6sof' size='340' side='right' viewer='molstar' caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>		<SX load='6sof' size='340' side='right' viewer='molstar' caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Human Human~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='~~gene~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Gene~~\|~~Gene~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">INSR ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN]), INS ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Electron Microscopy, [[Resolution\|Resolution]] 4.3Å</td></tr>
	~~<tr~~ id~~='activity'><td class~~="~~sblockLbl~~">~~<b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>~~[~~http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_protein-tyrosine_kinase Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase~~]~~, with EC number [http://www~~.~~brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 2.7.10.1] </span>~~</td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [https://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN]] Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/176730 176730]].<ref>PMID:3470784</ref> <ref>PMID:2196279</ref> <ref>PMID:4019786</ref> <ref>PMID:1601997</ref> Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125852 125852]]. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref> Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/606176 606176]]. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.<ref>PMID:17855560</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref> Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613370 613370]]. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref> <ref>PMID:20226046</ref> [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/256450 256450]], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN] Defects in INSR are the cause of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262190 262190]; also known as Mendenhall syndrome. RMS is a severe insulin resistance syndrome characterized by insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with pineal hyperplasia and somatic abnormalities. Typical features include coarse, senile-appearing facies, dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distension, and phallic enlargement. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2121734</ref> <ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:8314008</ref> <ref>PMID:10443650</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:17201797</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of leprechaunism (LEPRCH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/246200 246200]; also known as Donohue syndrome. Leprechaunism represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.<ref>PMID:2365819</ref> <ref>PMID:12023989</ref> <ref>PMID:2834824</ref> <ref>PMID:2479553</ref> <ref>PMID:1607067</ref> <ref>PMID:1730625</ref> <ref>PMID:8326490</ref> <ref>PMID:8419945</ref> <ref>PMID:8188715</ref> <ref>PMID:7815442</ref> <ref>PMID:7538143</ref> <ref>PMID:8636294</ref> <ref>PMID:9299395</ref> <ref>PMID:9249867</ref> <ref>PMID:9703342</ref> <ref>PMID:12538626</ref> <ref>PMID:12970295</ref> Defects in INSR may be associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]; also known as diabetes mellitus type 2.<ref>PMID:1607076</ref> <ref>PMID:1470163</ref> <ref>PMID:7657032</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 5 (HHF5) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/609968 609968]. Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/256450 256450], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels.<ref>PMID:15161766</ref> Defects in INSR are the cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus with acanthosis nigricans type A (IRAN type A) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610549 610549]. This syndrome is characterized by the association of severe insulin resistance (manifested by marked hyperinsulinemia and a failure to respond to exogenous insulin) with the skin lesion acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism in adolescent female subjects. Women frequently present with hirsutism, acne, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and virilization. This syndrome is different from the type B that has been demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of circulating autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN]] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>		[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
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	</div>		</div>
	<div class="pdbe-citations 6sof" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>		<div class="pdbe-citations 6sof" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

			==See Also==
			*[[Insulin receptor 3D structures\|Insulin receptor 3D structures]]
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</SX>		</SX>
	[[Category: ~~Human~~]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
	~~[[Category: Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase]]~~		[[Category: Coskun U]]
	[[Category: Coskun, U]]		[[Category: Gutmann T]]
	[[Category: Gutmann, T]]		[[Category: Poojari CS]]
	[[Category: Poojari~~, C S~~]]		[[Category: Schaefer IB]]
	[[Category: Schaefer~~, I B~~]]		[[Category: Strauss M]]
	[[Category: Strauss, M]]		[[Category: Vattulainen I]]
	[[Category: Vattulainen, I]]
	~~[[Category: Cell surface receptor]]~~
	~~[[Category: Diabetes]]~~
	~~[[Category: Glucose homeostasis]]~~
	~~[[Category: Hormone]]~~
	~~[[Category: Insulin]]~~
	~~[[Category: Membrane protein]]~~
	~~[[Category: Tyrosine kinase receptor~~]]

OCA at 07:28, 27 May 2020

2020-05-27T07:28:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:28, 27 May 2020
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	== Function ==		== Function ==
	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN]] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>		[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN]] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INSR_HUMAN INSR_HUMAN]] Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.<ref>PMID:8257688</ref> <ref>PMID:8452530</ref> <ref>PMID:8276809</ref> <ref>PMID:9428692</ref> <ref>PMID:10207053</ref> <ref>PMID:12138094</ref> <ref>PMID:16314505</ref> <ref>PMID:16831875</ref>
			<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
			== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
			Glucose homeostasis and growth essentially depend on the hormone insulin engaging its receptor. Despite biochemical and structural advances, a fundamental contradiction has persisted in the current understanding of insulin ligand-receptor interactions. While biochemistry predicts two distinct insulin binding sites, 1 and 2, recent structural analyses have resolved only site 1. Using a combined approach of cryo-EM and atomistic molecular dynamics simulation, we present the structure of the entire dimeric insulin receptor ectodomain saturated with four insulin molecules. Complementing the previously described insulin-site 1 interaction, we present the first view of insulin bound to the discrete insulin receptor site 2. Insulin binding stabilizes the receptor ectodomain in a T-shaped conformation wherein the membrane-proximal domains converge and contact each other. These findings expand the current models of insulin binding to its receptor and of its regulation. In summary, we provide the structural basis for a comprehensive description of ligand-receptor interactions that ultimately will inform new approaches to structure-based drug design.

			Cryo-EM structure of the complete and ligand-saturated insulin receptor ectodomain.,Gutmann T, Schafer IB, Poojari C, Brankatschk B, Vattulainen I, Strauss M, Coskun U J Cell Biol. 2020 Jan 6;219(1). pii: jcb.201907210. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201907210. PMID:31727777<ref>PMID:31727777</ref>

			From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
			</div>
			<div class="pdbe-citations 6sof" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

OCA at 06:15, 11 April 2020

2020-04-11T06:15:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:15, 11 April 2020
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<SX load='6sof' size='340' side='right' viewer='molstar' caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>		<SX load='6sof' size='340' side='right' viewer='molstar' caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">INSR ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN]), INS ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">INSR ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN]), INS ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>
	<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_protein-tyrosine_kinase Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 2.7.10.1] </span></td></tr>		<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_protein-tyrosine_kinase Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 2.7.10.1] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==

OCA at 00:54, 7 March 2020

2020-03-07T00:54:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:54, 7 March 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==human insulin receptor ectodomain bound by 4 insulin==		==human insulin receptor ectodomain bound by 4 insulin==
	<~~StructureSection~~ load='6sof' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>		<SX load='6sof' size='340' side='right' viewer='molstar' caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>
Line 15:		Line 15:
	<references/>		<references/>
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</~~StructureSection~~>		</SX>
	[[Category: Human]]		[[Category: Human]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]

OCA at 17:59, 20 November 2019

2019-11-20T17:59:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:59, 20 November 2019
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='6sof' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='6sof' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 4.30Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_protein-tyrosine_kinase Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 2.7.10.1] </span></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene\|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">INSR ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN]), INS ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>
			<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_protein-tyrosine_kinase Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 2.7.10.1] </span></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
Line 15:		Line 16:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
			[[Category: Human]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase]]		[[Category: Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase]]
	[[Category: Coskun, U]]		[[Category: Coskun, U]]
	[[Category: ~~Gutman~~, T]]		[[Category: Gutmann, T]]
	[[Category: Poojari, C S]]		[[Category: Poojari, C S]]
	[[Category: Schaefer, I B]]		[[Category: Schaefer, I B]]

OCA at 11:14, 13 November 2019

2019-11-13T11:14:09Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The entry 6sof is ON HOLD
+==human insulin receptor ectodomain bound by 4 insulin==
+<StructureSection load='6sof' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6sof]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 4.30&Aring;' scene=''>
-Authors:
+== Structural highlights ==
+<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6sof]] is a 12 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6SOF OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6SOF FirstGlance]. <br>
-Description:
+</td></tr><tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_protein-tyrosine_kinase Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.10.1 2.7.10.1] </span></td></tr>
-[[Category: Unreleased Structures]]
+<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6sof FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6sof OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6sof PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6sof RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6sof PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6sof ProSAT]</span></td></tr>

OCA: Protected "6sof" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

2019-10-02T07:29:28Z

Protected "6sof" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

← Older revision	Revision as of 07:29, 2 October 2019
(No difference)

OCA: New page: '''Unreleased structure''' The entry 6sof is ON HOLD Authors: Description: Category: Unreleased Structures

2019-10-02T07:29:26Z

New page: '''Unreleased structure''' The entry 6sof is ON HOLD Authors: Description: Category: Unreleased Structures

New page

'''Unreleased structure'''

The entry 6sof is ON HOLD

Authors:

Description:
[[Category: Unreleased Structures]]