Insulin Structure & Function - Revision history

https://proteopedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function Insulin Structure & Function - Revision history 2026-10-04T10:05:14Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=4282128&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 15:38, 2 December 2024 2024-12-02T15:38:46Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:38, 2 December 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of insulin variants have been made to favor either the monomeric or hexameric form. Deletion of the <scene name='34/347648/Hexamer_bchaincterminus/2'>five C terminal residues of the B chain</scene> creates a monomer only form. This portion of the B chain is involved in <scene name='34/347648/Dimer_bchainctermhbond/1'>hydrogen bonds</scene> between the B chain of one monomer and the A (marked C) and B (marked D) chain of another monomer; without this region, the hexamers do not form. Lispro is another fast acting insulin; it has the lysine and proline at the end of the B subunit swapped. This allows the lysine to make a <scene name='34/347648/Lispro_h_bonds/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</del>'>hydrogen bond</scene> with tyrosine 26 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and his 5 of the same chain</del>, which also favors formation of the active monomer state.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of insulin variants have been made to favor either the monomeric or hexameric form. Deletion of the <scene name='34/347648/Hexamer_bchaincterminus/2'>five C terminal residues of the B chain</scene> creates a monomer only form. This portion of the B chain is involved in <scene name='34/347648/Dimer_bchainctermhbond/1'>hydrogen bonds</scene> between the B chain of one monomer and the A (marked C) and B (marked D) chain of another monomer; without this region, the hexamers do not form. Lispro is another fast acting insulin; it has the lysine and proline at the end of the B subunit swapped. This allows the lysine to make a <scene name='34/347648/Lispro_h_bonds/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>'>hydrogen bond</scene> with tyrosine 26, which also favors formation of the active monomer state.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=4282127&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 15:26, 2 December 2024 2024-12-02T15:26:31Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:26, 2 December 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='34/347648/Two_chains/1' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='34/347648/Two_chains/1' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet beta cells in response to elevated blood <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glucoselevels</del>. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet beta cells in response to elevated blood <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glucose levels</ins>. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of insulin variants have been made to favor either the monomeric or hexameric form. Deletion of the <scene name='34/347648/Hexamer_bchaincterminus/2'>five C terminal residues of the B chain</scene> creates a monomer only form. This portion of the B chain is involved in <scene name='34/347648/Dimer_bchainctermhbond/1'>hydrogen bonds</scene> between the B chain of one monomer and the A (marked C) and B (marked D) chain of another monomer.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of insulin variants have been made to favor either the monomeric or hexameric form. Deletion of the <scene name='34/347648/Hexamer_bchaincterminus/2'>five C terminal residues of the B chain</scene> creates a monomer only form. This portion of the B chain is involved in <scene name='34/347648/Dimer_bchainctermhbond/1'>hydrogen bonds</scene> between the B chain of one monomer and the A (marked C) and B (marked D) chain of another monomer<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; without this region, the hexamers do not form. Lispro is another fast acting insulin; it has the lysine and proline at the end of the B subunit swapped. This allows the lysine to make a <scene name='34/347648/Lispro_h_bonds/1'>hydrogen bond</scene> with tyrosine 26 and his 5 of the same chain, which also favors formation of the active monomer state</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2854354&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 20:19, 31 January 2018 2018-01-31T20:19:03Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:19, 31 January 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name</del>='34/347648/Two_chains/1' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='34/347648/Two_chains/1' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet beta cells in response to elevated blood glucoselevels. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet beta cells in response to elevated blood glucoselevels. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2854353&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 20:18, 31 January 2018 2018-01-31T20:18:12Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:18, 31 January 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2hiu</del>' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name</ins>='<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">34/347648/Two_chains/1</ins>' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet beta cells in response to elevated blood glucoselevels. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet beta cells in response to elevated blood glucoselevels. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2411299&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 22:03, 15 June 2015 2015-06-15T22:03:59Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:03, 15 June 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indeed "fast acting" </del>insulin is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produced by switching </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">last two amino acids, which reduces </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">formation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the hexameric insulin</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A number of </ins>insulin <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variants have been made to favor either the monomeric or hexameric form. Deletion of the <scene name='34/347648/Hexamer_bchaincterminus/2'>five C terminal residues of the B chain</scene> creates a monomer only form. This portion of the B chain </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">involved in <scene name='34/347648/Dimer_bchainctermhbond/1'>hydrogen bonds</scene> between </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B chain of one monomer and </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A (marked C) and B (marked D) chain </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">another monomer</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2386444&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 03:59, 26 March 2015 2015-03-26T03:59:18Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:59, 26 March 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'>alpha helices</scene> but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'>disulfide bridges</scene> which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by switching the last two amino acids, which reduces the formation of the hexameric insulin.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2386442&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 03:36, 26 March 2015 2015-03-26T03:36:32Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:36, 26 March 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain alpha helices but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved disulfide bridges which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><scene name='34/347648/Secondary_structures/1'></ins>alpha helices<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></scene> </ins>but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><scene name='34/347648/Disulfide_bonds/1'></ins>disulfide bridges<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></scene> </ins>which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>dimers</scene> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains (shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexamers</scene> due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2386426&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 02:59, 26 March 2015 2015-03-26T02:59:48Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:59, 26 March 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='2hiu' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='2hiu' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet cells in response to elevated blood glucoselevels. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' is made by the pancreatic islet <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">beta </ins>cells in response to elevated blood glucoselevels. Insulin signals cells that the body is in the "fed" state, and that it should take up glucose from the blood and make other appropriate response. For example, in the liver glycogen synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of glucose when the blood glucose levels fall under fasting conditions. Insulin also increases fat synthesis in adipocytes. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and increased fat metabolism. Consequently, there is "spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due to the loss of body fat stores.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain alpha helices but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved disulfide bridges which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form dimers in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and </del>hexamers due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces. Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'>Chain A</scene> has 21 amino acids and <scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'>Chain B</scene> has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain alpha helices but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved disulfide bridges which help keep the two chains together. Insulin can also form <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'></ins>dimers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></scene> </ins>in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(shown as white lines). The dimers can further interact to form <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'></ins>hexamers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></scene> </ins>due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7</ins>. Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12">Line 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Additional Resources==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Additional Resources==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thanks to 'User:Whitney_Stoppel' for the hexameric insulin scenes.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For additional information, see: [[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For additional information, see: [[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br /></div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2386425&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 02:51, 26 March 2015 2015-03-26T02:51:30Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:51, 26 March 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='2hiu' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='2hiu' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is located in the pancreas. It </del>is made by the pancreatic islet cells. Insulin <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">helps to regulate </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood </del>glucose <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">body</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It </del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">converts the glucose into glycogen</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">storing it into </del>the liver<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The </del>glycogen <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">then converts the stored glycogen to </del>glucose when the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">body is </del>under fasting <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">condition to provide energy</del>. Insulin also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">helps to get rid of fatty acids</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It slows </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">breakdown of triglycerides which leads to the reduction of fatty acids </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>blood. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When insulin </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not able </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produce from your body it causes your </del>body <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to uses fatty acids for energy instead or carbohydrates</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Insulin''' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>is made by the pancreatic islet cells <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in response to elevated blood glucoselevels</ins>. Insulin <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">signals cells that the body is in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"fed" state, and that it should take up </ins>glucose <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood and make other appropriate response</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For example</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>the liver glycogen <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthesis is turned on, which provides a supply of </ins>glucose when the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood glucose levels fall </ins>under fasting <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conditions</ins>. Insulin also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">increases fat synthesis in adipocytes</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> In type 1 diabetes, </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pancreatic cells do not release insulin, resulting </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">high </ins>blood <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sugar levels and increased fat metabolism</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Consequently, there </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"spillover" of glucose into the urine, and weight loss due </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the loss of </ins>body <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fat stores</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structure==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is monomeric and is composed of two polypeptide chains. It </del>is composed of two different types of peptide chains. Chain A has 21 amino acids and Chain B has 30 amino acids. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Insulin has a three dimensional structure consisting of 3 </del>helices <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>3 conserved disulfide bridges. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The molecules in insulin sometimes </del>form dimers in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Granules consisting </del>hexamers <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are also sometimes formed by insulin. This is caused by the intercation </del>between hydrophobic surfaces.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><scene name='34/347648/Chain_a/1'></ins>Chain A<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></scene> </ins>has 21 amino acids and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><scene name='34/347648/Chain_b/1'></ins>Chain B<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></scene> </ins>has 30 amino acids. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Both chains contain alpha </ins>helices <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but no beta strands. There are </ins>3 conserved disulfide bridges <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which help keep the two chains together</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Insulin can also </ins>form dimers in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and </ins>hexamers <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">due to interaction </ins>between hydrophobic surfaces. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Indeed "fast acting" insulin is produced</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></StructureSection></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor https://proteopedia.org/index.php?title=Insulin_Structure_%26_Function&diff=2386423&oldid=prev Ann Taylor at 02:09, 26 March 2015 2015-03-26T02:09:11Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:09, 26 March 2015</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{STRUCTURE_2hiu | PDB=2hiu | SCENE= }}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='2hiu' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' scene='2hiu' caption='Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), [[2hiu]]'></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Function==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l8">Line 8:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is monomeric and is composed of two polypeptide chains. It is composed of two different types of peptide chains. Chain A has 21 amino acids and Chain B has 30 amino acids. Insulin has a three dimensional structure consisting of 3 helices and 3 conserved disulfide bridges. The molecules in insulin sometimes form dimers in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains. Granules consisting hexamers are also sometimes formed by insulin. This is caused by the intercation between hydrophobic surfaces.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Insulin is monomeric and is composed of two polypeptide chains. It is composed of two different types of peptide chains. Chain A has 21 amino acids and Chain B has 30 amino acids. Insulin has a three dimensional structure consisting of 3 helices and 3 conserved disulfide bridges. The molecules in insulin sometimes form dimers in solution due to the hydrogen bonding between the B chains. Granules consisting hexamers are also sometimes formed by insulin. This is caused by the intercation between hydrophobic surfaces.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></StructureSection></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==3D structures of insulin==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Ann Taylor