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==Thyroid Receptor Alpha in complex with an agonist selective for Thyroid Receptor Beta1==
==Thyroid Receptor Alpha in complex with an agonist selective for Thyroid Receptor Beta1==
<StructureSection load='1nav' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1nav]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.50&Aring;' scene=''>
<StructureSection load='1nav' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1nav]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.50&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1nav]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1NAV OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1NAV FirstGlance]. <br>
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1nav]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1NAV OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1NAV FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=IH5:{3,5-DICHLORO-4-[4-HYDROXY-3-(PROPAN-2-YL)PHENOXY]PHENYL}ACETIC+ACID'>IH5</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.5&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1nax|1nax]]</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=IH5:{3,5-DICHLORO-4-[4-HYDROXY-3-(PROPAN-2-YL)PHENOXY]PHENYL}ACETIC+ACID'>IH5</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1nav FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1nav OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1nav PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1nav RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1nav PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1nav FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1nav OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1nav PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1nav RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1nav PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1nav ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
== Disease ==
== Disease ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THA_HUMAN THA_HUMAN]] Defects in THRA are the cause of congenital hypothyroidism non-goitrous type 6 (CHNG6) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/614450 614450]]. A disease characterized by growth retardation, developmental retardation, skeletal dysplasia, borderline low thyroxine levels and high triiodothyronine levels. There is differential sensitivity to thyroid hormone action, with retention of hormone responsiveness in the hypothalamic pituitary axis and liver but skeletal, gastrointestinal, and myocardial resistance.<ref>PMID:22168587</ref>
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THA_HUMAN THA_HUMAN] Defects in THRA are the cause of congenital hypothyroidism non-goitrous type 6 (CHNG6) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/614450 614450]. A disease characterized by growth retardation, developmental retardation, skeletal dysplasia, borderline low thyroxine levels and high triiodothyronine levels. There is differential sensitivity to thyroid hormone action, with retention of hormone responsiveness in the hypothalamic pituitary axis and liver but skeletal, gastrointestinal, and myocardial resistance.<ref>PMID:22168587</ref>  
== Function ==
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THA_HUMAN THA_HUMAN]] Nuclear hormone receptor. High affinity receptor for triiodothyronine.  
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THA_HUMAN THA_HUMAN] Nuclear hormone receptor. High affinity receptor for triiodothyronine.
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
Check<jmol>
   <jmolCheckbox>
   <jmolCheckbox>
     <scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/na/1nav_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
     <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/na/1nav_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
     <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
     <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
     <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
     <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
   </jmolCheckbox>
   </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/chain_selection.php?pdb_ID=2ata ConSurf].
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1nav ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Endogenous thyroid receptor hormones 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine (T(4), 1) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3), 2) exert a significant effects on growth, development, and homeostasis in mammals. They regulate important genes in intestinal, skeletal, and cardiac muscles, the liver, and the central nervous system, influence overall metabolic rate, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and heart rate, and affect mood and overall sense of well being. The literature suggests many or most effects of thyroid hormones on the heart, in particular on the heart rate and rhythm, are mediated through the TRalpha(1) isoform, while most actions of the hormones on the liver and other tissues are mediated more through the TRbeta(1) isoform of the receptor. Some effects of thyroid hormones may be therapeutically useful in nonthyroid disorders if adverse effects can be minimized or eliminated. These potentially useful features include weight reduction for the treatment of obesity, cholesterol lowering for treating hyperlipidemia, amelioration of depression, and stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis. Prior attempts to utilize thyroid hormones pharmacologically to treat these disorders have been limited by manifestations of hyperthyroidism and, in particular, cardiovascular toxicity. Consequently, development of thyroid hormone receptor agonists that are selective for the beta-isoform could lead to safe therapies for these common disorders while avoiding cardiotoxicity. We describe here the synthesis and evaluation of a series of novel TR ligands, which are selective for TRbeta(1) over TRalpha(1). These ligands could potentially be useful for treatment of various disorders as outlined above. From a series of homologous R(1)-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, increasing chain length was found to have a profound effect on affinity and selectivity in a radioreceptor binding assay for the human thyroid hormone receptors alpha(1) and beta(1) (TRalpha(1) and TRbeta(2)) as well as a reporter cell assay employing CHOK1-cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells) stably transfected with hTRalpha(1) or hTRbeta(1) and an alkaline phosphatase reporter-gene downstream thyroid response element (TRAFalpha(1) and TRAFbeta(1)). Affinity increases in the order formic, acetic, and propionic acid, while beta-selectivity is highest when the R(1) position is substituted with acetic acid. Within this series 3,5-dibromo-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-isopropylphenoxy)phenyl]acetic acid (11a) and 3,5-dichloro-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-isopropylphenoxy)phenyl]acetic acid (15) were found to reveal the most promising in vitro data based on isoform selectivity and were selected for further in vivo studies. The effect of 2, 11a, and 15 in a cholesterol-fed rat model was monitored including potencies for heart rate (ED(15)), cholesterol (ED(50)), and TSH (ED(50)). Potency for tachycardia was significantly reduced for the TRbeta selective compounds 11a and 15 compared with 2, while both 11a and 15 retained the cholesterol-lowering potency of 2. This left an approximately 10-fold therapeutic window between heart rate and cholesterol, which is consistent with the action of ligands that are approximately 10-fold more selective for TRbeta(1). We also report the X-ray crystallographic structures of the ligand binding domains of TRalpha and TRbeta in complex with 15. These structures reveal that the single amino acid difference in the ligand binding pocket (Ser277 in TRalpha or Asn331 in TRbeta) results in a slightly different hydrogen bonding pattern that may explain the increased beta-selectivity of 15.
Thyroid receptor ligands. 1. Agonist ligands selective for the thyroid receptor beta1.,Ye L, Li YL, Mellstrom K, Mellin C, Bladh LG, Koehler K, Garg N, Garcia Collazo AM, Litten C, Husman B, Persson K, Ljunggren J, Grover G, Sleph PG, George R, Malm J J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1580-8. PMID:12699376<ref>PMID:12699376</ref>


From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
==See Also==
</div>
*[[Thyroid hormone receptor 3D structures|Thyroid hormone receptor 3D structures]]
<div class="pdbe-citations 1nav" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
__TOC__
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Human]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Bladh, L G]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Collazo, A M.Garcia]]
[[Category: Bladh LG]]
[[Category: Garg, N]]
[[Category: Garcia Collazo AM]]
[[Category: George, R]]
[[Category: Garg N]]
[[Category: Grover, G]]
[[Category: George R]]
[[Category: Husman, B]]
[[Category: Grover G]]
[[Category: Koehler, K]]
[[Category: Husman B]]
[[Category: Li, Y L]]
[[Category: Koehler K]]
[[Category: Litten, C]]
[[Category: Li YL]]
[[Category: Ljunggren, J]]
[[Category: Litten C]]
[[Category: Malm, J]]
[[Category: Ljunggren J]]
[[Category: Mellin, C]]
[[Category: Malm J]]
[[Category: Mellstrom, K]]
[[Category: Mellin C]]
[[Category: Persson, K]]
[[Category: Mellstrom K]]
[[Category: Sleph, P G]]
[[Category: Persson K]]
[[Category: Ye, L]]
[[Category: Sleph PG]]
[[Category: Complex]]
[[Category: Ye L]]
[[Category: Ligand]]
[[Category: Membrane protein]]
[[Category: Nuclear receptor]]
[[Category: Thyroid receptor]]
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