Rho GTPase: Difference between revisions

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== Function ==

'''Rho GTPase''' of higher vertebrates include '''RhoA, RhoB''', '''RhoC''', '''RhoD''' and '''RhoE'''. These 3 proteins share 85% sequence identity. RhoA is the more extensively studied among these three. RhoA regulates a signal transduction phosphorylation pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Rho GTPase operates as a switch cycling between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound one. A number of proteins have been identified as targets of RhoA<ref>PMID:12642488</ref>. '''Mitochondrial Rho GTPase''' (Miro) have tandem GTP-binding domains separated by a linker region containing calcium-binding EF hand motifs indicating a role in mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptosis<ref>PMID:12482879</ref>.

'''Rho GTPase''' or '''Rho-related GTP-binding protein''' of higher vertebrates include '''RhoA, RhoB''', '''RhoC''', '''RhoD''' and '''RhoE'''. These proteins share 85% sequence identity. '''RhoA''' is the more extensively studied among these three. RhoA regulates a signal transduction phosphorylation pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Rho GTPase operates as a switch cycling between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound one. A number of proteins have been identified as targets of RhoA<ref>PMID:12642488</ref>.

*'''RhoB''' has a role in actin organisation, membrane trafficking, cell proliferation, DNA repair and apoptosis<ref>PMID:27875099</ref>.

*'''RhoD''' participates in regulating cell-cycle progression and centrosome duplication<ref>PMID:22665057</ref>.

*'''RhoE''' induces loss of stress fibres and inhibits cell cycle progression<ref>PMID:16042565</ref>.

*'''RhoG''' regulates actin-cytoskeleton dynamics, survival and proliferation in immune cells<ref>PMID:37378671</ref>.

* '''Mitochondrial Rho GTPase''' ('''Miro''') have tandem GTP-binding domains separated by a linker region containing calcium-binding EF hand motifs indicating a role in mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptosis<ref>PMID:12482879</ref>.

*'''Miro2''' regulates inter-mitochondrial communication along microtubules<ref>PMID:31455181</ref>.

== Disease ==

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== Structural highlights ==

The <scene name='75/752220/Cv/4'>transition state complex of RhoA and RhoGAP contains GDP, AlF4 and Mg+2 ion</scene><ref>PMID:9338791</ref>. <scene name='75/752220/Cv/5'>AlF4 and Mg+2 ion binding site</scene>.

The <scene name='75/752220/Cv/6'>transition state complex of RhoA and RhoGAP contains GDP, AlF4 and Mg+2 ion</scene><ref>PMID:9338791</ref>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.

*<scene name='75/752220/Cv/7'>GDP binding site</scene>

*<scene name='75/752220/Cv/8'>AlF4 and Mg+2 ion binding site</scene>.

==3D structures of Rho GTPase==

[[Rho GTPase 3D structures]]

</StructureSection>

~~==3D structures of Rho GTPase==~~

~~Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}~~

~~{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|~~

*RhoA

**[[5ez6]], [[5c4m]], [[5a0f]], [[1dpf]], [[1ftn]] – hRhoA + GDP – human

**[[5a0f]] - hRhoA (mutant) + GDP

**[[1kmq]] – hRhoA (mutant) + GNP

**[[1a2b]] – hRhoA + GSP

**[[3tvd]] – mRhoA + GSP – mouse

*RhoA complex with guanine nucleotide exchange factor

**[[4xh9]] – hRhoA (mutant) + guanine nucleotide exchange factor NET1

**[[5jhg]], [[5jhh]] - hRhoA + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11

**[[3t06]], [[1xcg]] – hRhoA (mutant) + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11

**[[1lb1]] – hRhoA (mutant) + guanine nucleotide exchange factor Dbs

**[[3kz1]] – hRhoA + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 + GSP

**[[1x86]] – hRhoA + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12

*RhoA complex with Rho GTPase-activating protein

**[[5irc]] – hRhoA + Rho GTPase-activating protein 20 + GDP

**[[1ow3]], [[5m6x]], [[5m70]] – hRhoA + Rho GTPase-activating protein 1 + GDP

**[[3msx]] – hRhoA (mutant) + Rho GTPase-activating protein 35 + GDP

*RhoA complex with ADP-ribosyltransferase

**[[4xsg]] – hRhoA (mutant) + ADP-ribosyltransferase + GTP

**[[4xsh]] – hRhoA (mutant) + ADP-ribosyltransferase + GSP + NADH

**[[5bwm]] – hRhoA (mutant) + ADP-ribosyltransferase + GDP + NADH

*RhoA other complexes

**[[5fr2]], [[5fr1]], [[1cc0]] – hRhoA + Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 + GDP

**[[5hpy]] – hRhoA (mutant) + unconventional myosin-IXB + GDP

**[[4xoi]] – hRhoA (mutant) + actin-binding protein anillin + GTP

**[[4f38]] – mRhoA + Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 + GPPNP

**[[4d0n]] – hRhoA + A-kinase anchor protein 13 + GDP

**[[3lw8]], [[3lwn]], [[3lxr]] – hRhoA + IpgB2 + GDP

**[[1s1c]] – hRhoA + ROCKI + GNP

**[[1cxz]] – hRhoA + Pkn/Prk1 + GSP

**[[1tx4]] – hRhoA + RhoGap + GDP

**[[2rgn]] – hRhoA + guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-Q + RhoA/Rac/CDC42 exchange factor + GDP

**[[5c2k]] – hRhoA/Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 + GDP

**[[5jcp]] – hRhoA/ARAP3 + GDP

*RhoB

**[[2fv8]] – hRhoB + GDP

*RhoC

**[[2gcn]] – hRhoC + GDP

**[[2gco]] – hRhoC + GPPNP

**[[2gcp]] – hRhoC + GSP

**[[2gcn]] – hRhoC (mutant) + diaphanous protein homolog 1 + GMPPNP

*RhoD

**[[2j1l]] – hRhoD + GDP

*RhoE

**[[1m7b]] – hRhoE + GTP

**[[1gwn]] – mRhoE core domain + GTP

**[[2v55]] – hRhoE + ROCKI + GTP + ANP

*Miro1

**[[5kso]], [[5ksp]], [[5ksy]] – hMiro1 C-terminal + GDP

**[[5ksz]] – hMiro1 EF hand and kinase domain + GMPPCP

**[[5kty]], [[5ku1]] – hMiro1 EF hand and kinase domain + GDP

*Miro2

**[[5kut]] – hMiro2 C-terminal + GDP

*Miro

**[[4c0j]], [[4c0k]] – DmMiro – ''Drosophila melanogaster''

**[[4c0l]] – DmMiro + GDP

}}

== References ==

[[Category:Topic Page]]

Rho GTPase: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' caption='Human RhoA (magenta) complex with RhoGAP (cyan), GDP, AlF4 and Mg+2 ion (green) (PDB code [[1tx4]])' scene='75/752220/Cv/1' pspeed='8'>
+<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Human RhoA (magenta) complex with RhoGAP (cyan), GDP, AlF4 and Mg+2 ion (green) (PDB code [[1tx4]])' scene='75/752220/Cv/1' pspeed='8'>
 == Function ==
-'''Rho GTPase''' of higher vertebrates include '''RhoA, RhoB''', '''RhoC''', '''RhoD''' and '''RhoE'''.  These 3 proteins share 85% sequence identity.  RhoA is the more extensively studied among these three. RhoA regulates a signal transduction phosphorylation pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers.  Rho GTPase operates as a switch cycling between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound one.  A number of proteins have been identified as targets of RhoA<ref>PMID:12642488</ref>.  '''Mitochondrial Rho GTPase''' (Miro) have tandem GTP-binding domains separated by a linker region containing calcium-binding EF hand motifs indicating a role in mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptosis<ref>PMID:12482879</ref>.
+'''Rho GTPase''' or '''Rho-related GTP-binding protein''' of higher vertebrates include '''RhoA, RhoB''', '''RhoC''', '''RhoD''' and '''RhoE'''.  These proteins share 85% sequence identity.  '''RhoA''' is the more extensively studied among these three. RhoA regulates a signal transduction phosphorylation pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers.  Rho GTPase operates as a switch cycling between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound one.  A number of proteins have been identified as targets of RhoA<ref>PMID:12642488</ref>.
+*'''RhoB''' has a role in actin organisation, membrane trafficking, cell proliferation, DNA repair and apoptosis<ref>PMID:27875099</ref>.
+*'''RhoD''' participates in regulating cell-cycle progression and centrosome duplication<ref>PMID:22665057</ref>.
+*'''RhoE''' induces loss of stress fibres and inhibits cell cycle progression<ref>PMID:16042565</ref>.
+*'''RhoG''' regulates actin-cytoskeleton dynamics, survival and proliferation in immune cells<ref>PMID:37378671</ref>.
+* '''Mitochondrial Rho GTPase''' ('''Miro''') have tandem GTP-binding domains separated by a linker region containing calcium-binding EF hand motifs indicating a role in mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptosis<ref>PMID:12482879</ref>.
+*'''Miro2''' regulates inter-mitochondrial communication along microtubules<ref>PMID:31455181</ref>.
 == Disease ==
@@ Line 12: / Line 18: @@
 == Structural highlights ==
-The <scene name='75/752220/Cv/4'>transition state complex of RhoA and RhoGAP contains GDP, AlF4 and Mg+2 ion</scene><ref>PMID:9338791</ref>. <scene name='75/752220/Cv/5'>AlF4 and Mg+2 ion binding site</scene>.
+The <scene name='75/752220/Cv/6'>transition state complex of RhoA and RhoGAP contains GDP, AlF4 and Mg+2 ion</scene><ref>PMID:9338791</ref>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
+*<scene name='75/752220/Cv/7'>GDP binding site</scene>
+*<scene name='75/752220/Cv/8'>AlF4 and Mg+2 ion binding site</scene>.
+==3D structures of Rho GTPase==
+[[Rho GTPase 3D structures]]
 </StructureSection>
-==3D structures of Rho GTPase==
-Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
-{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
-*RhoA
-**[[5ez6]], [[5c4m]], [[5a0f]], [[1dpf]], [[1ftn]] – hRhoA + GDP – human<br />
-**[[5a0f]] - hRhoA (mutant) + GDP<br />
-**[[1kmq]] – hRhoA (mutant) + GNP<br />
-**[[1a2b]] – hRhoA + GSP<br />
-**[[3tvd]] – mRhoA + GSP – mouse<br />
-*RhoA complex with guanine nucleotide exchange factor
-**[[4xh9]] – hRhoA (mutant) + guanine nucleotide exchange factor NET1<br />
-**[[5jhg]], [[5jhh]] - hRhoA + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11<br />
-**[[3t06]], [[1xcg]] – hRhoA (mutant) + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11<br />
-**[[1lb1]] – hRhoA (mutant) + guanine nucleotide exchange factor Dbs<br />
-**[[3kz1]] – hRhoA + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 + GSP<br />
-**[[1x86]] – hRhoA + guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12<br />
-*RhoA complex with Rho GTPase-activating protein
-**[[5irc]] – hRhoA + Rho GTPase-activating protein 20 + GDP <br />
-**[[1ow3]], [[5m6x]], [[5m70]] – hRhoA + Rho GTPase-activating protein 1 + GDP <br />
-**[[3msx]] – hRhoA (mutant) + Rho GTPase-activating protein 35 + GDP <br />
-*RhoA complex with ADP-ribosyltransferase
-**[[4xsg]] – hRhoA (mutant) + ADP-ribosyltransferase + GTP <br />
-**[[4xsh]] – hRhoA (mutant) + ADP-ribosyltransferase + GSP + NADH<br />
-**[[5bwm]] – hRhoA (mutant) + ADP-ribosyltransferase + GDP + NADH<br />
-*RhoA other complexes
-**[[5fr2]], [[5fr1]], [[1cc0]] – hRhoA + Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 + GDP <br />
-**[[5hpy]] – hRhoA (mutant) + unconventional myosin-IXB + GDP <br />
-**[[4xoi]] – hRhoA (mutant) + actin-binding protein anillin + GTP <br />
-**[[4f38]] – mRhoA + Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 + GPPNP <br />
-**[[4d0n]] – hRhoA + A-kinase anchor protein 13 + GDP<br />
-**[[3lw8]], [[3lwn]], [[3lxr]] – hRhoA + IpgB2 + GDP<br />
-**[[1s1c]] – hRhoA + ROCKI + GNP<br />
-**[[1cxz]] – hRhoA + Pkn/Prk1 + GSP<br />
-**[[1tx4]] – hRhoA + RhoGap + GDP<br />
-**[[2rgn]] – hRhoA + guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-Q + RhoA/Rac/CDC42 exchange factor + GDP<br />
-**[[5c2k]] – hRhoA/Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 + GDP <br />
-**[[5jcp]] – hRhoA/ARAP3 + GDP <br />
-*RhoB
-**[[2fv8]] – hRhoB + GDP <br />
-*RhoC
-**[[2gcn]] – hRhoC + GDP <br />
-**[[2gco]] – hRhoC + GPPNP <br />
-**[[2gcp]] – hRhoC + GSP <br />
-**[[2gcn]] – hRhoC (mutant) + diaphanous protein homolog 1 + GMPPNP <br />
-*RhoD
-**[[2j1l]] – hRhoD + GDP <br />
-*RhoE
-**[[1m7b]] – hRhoE + GTP <br />
-**[[1gwn]] – mRhoE core domain + GTP <br />
-**[[2v55]] – hRhoE + ROCKI + GTP + ANP<br />
-*Miro1
-**[[5kso]], [[5ksp]], [[5ksy]] – hMiro1 C-terminal + GDP <br />
-**[[5ksz]] – hMiro1 EF hand and kinase domain + GMPPCP <br />
-**[[5kty]], [[5ku1]] – hMiro1 EF hand and kinase domain + GDP <br />
-*Miro2
-**[[5kut]] – hMiro2 C-terminal + GDP <br />
-*Miro
-**[[4c0j]], [[4c0k]] – DmMiro – ''Drosophila melanogaster'' <br />
-**[[4c0l]] – DmMiro + GDP <br />
-}}
 == References ==
 <references/>
 [[Category:Topic Page]]