Bacteriorhodopsin: Difference between revisions

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{{STRUCTURE_1kg8|  PDB=1kg8  | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|CAPTION=Bacteriorhodopsin complex with lipid and retinal, [[1kg8]] }}
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='46/463242/Cv/4' caption='Bacteriorhodopsin complex with retinal, [[3han]]'>
__TOC__
== Function ==


'''Bacteriorhodopsin''' (Br) is a membrane protein in Archaea which moves protons across the cell membrane.  Br is composed of 6 α-helical elements each containing a retinal molecule.  The retinal changes its conformation upon binding of a proton, causing the Br to change conformation and pump the proton.  
'''Bacteriorhodopsin''' (Br) is a membrane protein in Archaea which moves protons across the cell membrane<ref>PMID:28008064</ref>.  See also [[Bacteriorhodopsin (Hebrew)]].<br />
'''Halorhodopsin''' uses light energy to pump chloride through biological membranes in Haloarchaea<ref>PMID:10827943</ref>.<br />
'''Sensory rhodopsin''' uses light energy to pump calcium ions through biological membranes.  They are ubiquitous and use retinal as their chromophore<ref>PMID:17005405</ref>.<br />
'''Xanthorhodopsin''' is a light-driven proton pump which uses the carotenoid salinixanthin as a second chromophore<ref>PMID:18515067</ref>.<br />
'''Archaerhodopsin''' responds to yellow or green light by pumping protons out of cells and are used as optogenetic tools<ref>PMID:27524609</ref>.<br />
'''Proteorhodopsins''' are the most abundant retinal-based photoreceptors.  It is found in many marine bacteria<ref>PMID:24060527</ref>.<br />
'''Deltarhodopsin''' is a light-driven proton pump found in the archaebacteria ''Halloterrigena turkmenica''<ref>PMID:23567447</ref>.<br />
'''Xenorhodopsin''' is an enigmatic new class of microbial rhodopsins<ref>PMID:21985229</ref>.<br />


{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
See also [[Rhodopsin]]


== 3D Structures of bacteriorhodopsin ==
== Structural highlights ==


[[3ns0]], [[3nsb]], [[3mbv]], [[1x0s]], [[1x0i]], [[1x0k]], [[1xji]], [[1iw6]] – HsBr residues 14-261 + lipid + retinal – ''Halobacterium salinarum''<br />
Br is composed of 6 α-helical elements each containing a retinal molecule.  The retinal changes its ground state conformation upon binding of a proton, causing the Br to change conformation to the activated state and pump the proton. <scene name='46/463242/Cv/6'>The retinal interacts predominantly with hydrophobic and aromatic residues</scene> <ref>PMID:19603754</ref> ({{Template:ColorKey_Hydrophobic}}, {{Template:ColorKey_Polar}}).
[[2wjk]], [[2wjl]] - HsBr residues 14-261 (mutant) + lipid + retinal<br />
[[3han]], [[2hao]], [[3hap]], [[3haq]], [[3har]], [[3has]], [[3coc]], [[3cod]], [[1tn5]], [[1tn0]], [[1s51]], [[1s52]], [[1s53]], [[1s54]], [[1q5i]], [[1q5j]], [[1pxr]], [[1pxs]], [[3hao]] - HsBr residues 14-261 (mutant) + retinal<br />
[[2ntu]], [[1py6]], [[1fbb]], [[1fbk]], [[1brx]], [[1ap9]], [[1at9]] - HsBr residues 14-261 + retinal<br />
[[2i1x]], [[1kme]], [[1qm8]], [[1bm1]], [[1brr]], [[2brd]] - HsBr residues 14-261 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[2at9]] - HsBr residues 14-261 + lipid + retinal – Cryo EM<br />
[[1brd]] - HsBr residues 14-261 + retinal – Cryo EM<br />
[[1s8j]] - HsBr residues 14-261 (mutant) + lipid + NO3 + retinal<br />
[[1mgy]] - HsBr residues 14-261 (mutant) + lipid + Br + retinal<br />
[[1s8l]] - HsBr residues 14-261 (mutant) + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1qhj]] - HsBr residues 14-261 + phytanyl derivavative + retinal<br />
[[1r84]], [[1r2n]] - HsBr residues 1-232 + retinal – NMR<BR />
[[1bct]] - HsBr residues 163-231 – NMR<BR />
[[1bha]], [[1bhb]] - HsBr residues 1-71 - NMR<BR />
[[1l0m]] – Br (mutant) – ''Halobacterium halobium'' - NMR<BR />


===Bacteriorhodopsin intermediates===
== 3D Structures of bacteriorhodopsin ==
 
[[Bacteriorhodopsin 3D structures]]
[[1f50]], [[1c8r]] - HsBr-BR residues 18-244 (mutant) + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1c3w]] - HsBr-BR residues 5-231 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[2zfe]] – HsBr-K residues 14-261 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1m0k]], [[1m0l]], [[1ixf]] - HsBr-K residues 1-261 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1m0m]] - HsBr-M1 residues 1-261 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1e0p]], [[2ntw]], [[1vjm]] - HsBr-L residues 18-245 + retinal<br />
[[1ucq]], [[1iw9]], [[1o0a]] – HsBr-L residues 14-261 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1kg8]], [[1kg9]], [[1kgb]], [[1dze]], [[1cwq]], [[2zzl]], [[2i20]], [[2i21]], [[1p8h]] - HsBr-M residues 13-243 + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1f4z]], [[1c8s]], [[1p8i]] - HsBr-M residues 18-244 (mutant) + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1p8u]] – HsBr-N residues 14-261 (mutant) + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1jv6]], [[1jv7]] - HsBr-O residues 1-261 (mutant) + lipid + retinal<br />
[[1qko]], [[1qkp]] - HsBr residues 14-261 + retinal<br />
 
===Halorhodopsin===
 
[[3abw]], [[3a7k]] – NpBr+ N3 + bacterioruberin + detergent + retinal – ''Natronomonas pharaonis''<br />
[[2jaf]], [[2jag]], [[1e12]] - HsBr (mutant) + lipid+ retinal<br />
 
===Sensory rhodopsin II===
 
[[2ksy]] – NpBr – NMR<BR />
[[2f93]], [[2f95]], [[1h2s]] - BpBr + Br transducer + detergent + retinal<br />
[[1gu8]], [[1gue]], [[1h68]], [[1jgj]] - NpBr + retinal<br />
[[1xio]] - Br + detergent + retinal - ''Anabaena''
 
===Xanthorhodopsin===
 
[[3ddl]] – Br + detergent + salinixanthin + retinal – ''Salinibacter ruber''
 
===Archaerhodopsin===
 
[[2ei4]], [[2z55]] – HaBr + bacterioruberin + detergent + retinal – ''Halobacterium''<br />
[[1vgo]] - HaBr + detergent + retinal<br />
[[1uaz]] - HaBr + retinal<br />


</StructureSection>


==See Also==
==See Also==
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*[[G protein-coupled receptor]]
*[[G protein-coupled receptor]]


 
== References ==
 
<references/>
 
 
 
 
 
[[he:Bacteriorhodopsin_(Hebrew)]]
[[he:Bacteriorhodopsin_(Hebrew)]]


[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]
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