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| <StructureSection load='1hlc' size='400' side='right' caption='Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose (PDB entry [[1hlc]])' scene=''> | | <StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose, mercaptoethanol and sulfate (PDB entry [[1w6o]])' scene='51/516488/Cv/1'> |
| | __TOC__ |
| | == Function == |
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| '''Galectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind beta-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation. The CRD is a beta-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide. GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation. GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract. GAL-3 has broad biological functionality. GAL-4 has 2 CRDs. GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells. GAL-8 has a role in cellular defence against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage. GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival. GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids. | | '''Galectin''' or '''galactoside-binding soluble lectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind β-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) residues 113-250<ref>PMID:8063692</ref>. <br /> |
| | * GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.<br /> |
| | * GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract.<br /> |
| | * GAL-3 has broad biological functionality.<br /> |
| | * GAL-4 has 2 CRDs.<br /> |
| | * GAL-5 is found in rat is a β-galactoside binding lectin<ref>PMID:19903899</ref>.<br /> |
| | * GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells.<br /> |
| | * GAL-8 has a role in cellular defense against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage.<br /> |
| | * GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival. <br /> |
| | * GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.<br /> |
| | * GAL-13 is a placental protein which does not bind β-galactosides.<br /> |
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| ==3D structures of galectin== | | == Relevance == |
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| ===Galectin-1===
| | GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation<ref>PMID:20146714</ref>. GAL-3 has a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and melanoma methastasis<ref>PMID:22418727</ref>. |
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| [[1slt]], [[1sla]], [[1slb]], [[1slc]] – GAL-1 + BGAL – bovine<br />
| | == Structural highlights == |
| [[1hlc]] – hGAL-1 + lactose – human<br />
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| [[2km2]] – hGAL-1 -NMR<BR />
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| [[1w6n]], [[1w6q]] - hGAL-1 (mutant) <br />
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| [[1w6o]], [[2zkn]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + lactose<br />
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| [[1w6p]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + acetyl lactosamine<br />
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| [[1gzw]] – hGAL-1 + BGAL<br />
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| [[1w6m]] – hGAL(mutant) + BGAL<br />
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| [[3oy8]] – hGAL-1 + lactobionic acid<br />
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| [[3oyw]] - hGAL-1 + thio-digalactoside<br />
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| [[3t2t]] – hGAL-1 + inhibitor<br />
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| [[1gan]] – tGAL-1 + BGAL – toad<br />
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| [[1a78]] – tGAL-1 + thio-digalactose<br />
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| [[3m2m]] - GAL-1 + lactose – rat
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| ===Galectin-2=== | | The CRD is a β-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide. A <scene name='51/516488/Cv/4'>lactose ligand is bound at the concave face of the β-sheet</scene><ref>PMID:15476813</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres. |
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| [[1ul9]] – CchGAL-2 – ''Coprinopsis cinerea''<br />
| | ==3D structures of galectin== |
| [[1ulc]] – CcGAL-2 + lactose<br />
| | [[Galectin 3D structures]] |
| [[1ulg]] - CcGAL-2 + BGAL<br /> | |
| [[1uld]], [[2wkk]] – CcGAL-2 + BGAL + fucose<br />
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| [[1ule]], [[1ulf]] – CcGAL-2 + polysaccharide
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| ===Galectin-3===
| | </StructureSection> |
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| [[3zsk]], [[3zsl]], [[3zsm]] – hGAL-3 CRD<br />
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| [[1a3k]], [[1kjl]], [[2nmn]] – hGAL-3 CRD + BGAL<br />
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| [[2nmo]] - hGAL-3 CRD + glucose + BGAL<br />
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| [[2nn8]], [[3aye]], [[3zsj]] - hGAL-3 CRD + lactose<br />
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| [[1kjr ]]– hGAL-3 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
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| [[2xg3]], [[3t1l]], [[3t1m]] - hGAL-3 CRD + inhibitor<br />
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| [[3aya]] - hGAL-3 CRD + antigen<br />
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| [[3ayc]], [[3ayd]] - hGAL-3 CRD + polysaccharide
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| ===Galectin-4===
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| [[1x50]] – hGAL-4 CRD – NMR<BR />
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| [[2dyc]] – mGAL-4 CRD – mouse<br />
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| [[3i8t]] – mGAL-4 + lactose<br />
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| ===Galectin-7===
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| [[1bkz]], [[3zxf]] – hGAL-7<br />
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| [[2gal]] - hGAL-7 + BGAL<br />
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| [[3gal]] – hGAL-7 + galactosamine<br />
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| [[5gal]] – hGAL-7 + acetyllactosamine<br />
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| [[3zxe]] - hGAL-7 + inhibitor<br />
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| ===Galectin-8===
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| [[2yro]] – hGAL-8 CRD – NMR<BR />
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| [[3ap5]], [[3apb]] - hGAL-8 CRD<br />
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| [[3ap4]], [[3ap6]] - hGAL-8 CRD + lactose<br />
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| [[3ap7]] - hGAL-8 CRD + sialyllactose<br />
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| [[3ap8]] - hGAL-8 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
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| [[4fqz]] – hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glucose + BGAL<br />
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| [[2yv8]] – hGAL-8 N terminal<br />
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| [[3ojb]] - hGAL-8 C terminal<br />
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| [[2yxs]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + lactose<br />
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| [[2yy1]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + acetyllactosamine<br />
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| ===Galectin-9===
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| [[2d6k]], [[2d6l]] – mGAL-9 CRD<br />
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| [[2d6m]] – mGAL-9 CRD + lactose<br />
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| [[2d6n]], [[2d6o]]– mGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
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| [[2d6p]] – mGAL-9 CRD + antigen<br />
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| [[3lsd]] – hGAL-9 N terminal<br />
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| [[3nv1]] – hGAL-9 CRD<br />
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| [[3lse]] – hGAL-9 N terminal + lactose<br />
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| [[2eak]] - hGAL-9 CRD + lactose<br />
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| [[3nv4]] - hGAL-9 CRD + sialyllactose<br />
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| [[2zhk]], [[2zhl]], [[2zhm]], [[2zhn]], [[3nv2]] - hGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
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| [[3nv3]] - hGAL-9 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
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| [[2eal]] - mGAL-9 CRD + pentasaccharide
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| ===Galectin-10===
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| [[1bkz]] – hGAL-10 + mannose<br />
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| [[1hdk]] – hGAL-10 + PCMBS
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| ===Galectin===
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| [[1ww4]] – AcGAL + NEUACA2-3-lacose – ''Agrocybe cylindracea''<br />
| | == References == |
| [[1ww5]], [[1ww6]] – AcGAL + lactose derivative<br />
| | <references/> |
| [[1ww7]] – AcGAL
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| [[4agg]], [[4agr]], [[4agv]] – GAL - ''Cinachyrella''
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| </StructureSection>
| | [[Category:Topic Page]] |
