Galectin: Difference between revisions

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__TOC__

== Function ==

'''Galectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind β-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). ~~GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation. The CRD is a beta-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide.~~

'''Galectin''' or '''galactoside-binding soluble lectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind β-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) residues 113-250<ref>PMID:8063692</ref>.

* GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.

* GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract.

* GAL-3 has broad biological functionality.

* GAL-4 has 2 CRDs.

* GAL-5 is found in rat is a β-galactoside binding lectin<ref>PMID:19903899</ref>.

* GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells.

* GAL-8 has a role in cellular ~~defence~~ against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage.

* GAL-8 has a role in cellular defense against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage.

* GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival.

* GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.

* GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.

* GAL-13 is a placental protein which does not bind β-galactosides.

==~~3D structures of galectin~~==

== Relevance ==

~~Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}~~-~~{{REVISIONYEAR}}~~

GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation<ref>PMID:20146714</ref>. GAL-3 has a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and melanoma methastasis<ref>PMID:22418727</ref>.

~~{{#tree~~:~~id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|~~

*Galectin-1

== Structural highlights ==

**[[1slt]], [[1sla]], [[1slb]], [[1slc]] – GAL-~~1 + BGAL – bovine~~

The CRD is a β-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide. A <scene name='51/516488/Cv/4'>lactose ligand is bound at the concave face of the β-sheet</scene><ref>PMID:15476813</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.

**[[1hlc]] – hGAL-1 + lactose – human

**[[3w58]], [[3w59]] – hGAL-1

**[[2km2]] – hGAL-1 -NMR

**[[1w6n]], [[1w6q]] - hGAL-1 (mutant)

**[[1w6o]], [[2zkn]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + lactose~~ ~~

**[[1w6p]] – hGAL-~~1 (mutant) + acetyl lactosamine~~

**[[1gzw]] – hGAL-1 + BGAL<~~br /~~>

**[[1w6m]] – hGAL(mutant) + BGAL

**[[3oy8]] – hGAL-1 + lactobionic acid

**[[3oyw]] - hGAL-1 + thio-digalactoside

**[[3t2t]] – hGAL-1 + inhibitor

**[[1gan]] – tGAL-1 + BGAL – toad

**[[1a78]] – tGAL-1 + thio-digalactose

**[[3m2m]], [[4ga9]] - GAL-1 + lactose – rat

*Galectin-2

==3D structures of galectin==

[[Galectin 3D structures]]

**[[1ul9]] – CchGAL-2 – ''Coprinopsis cinerea''

</StructureSection>

**[[2ymz]] – GAL-2 – chicken

**[[1ulc]] – CcGAL-2 + lactose

**[[1ulg]] - CcGAL-2 + BGAL

**[[1uld]], [[2wkk]] – CcGAL-2 + BGAL + fucose

**[[1ule]], [[1ulf]] – CcGAL-2 + polysaccharide

*Galectin-3

**[[3zsk]], [[3zsl]], [[3zsm]] – hGAL-3 CRD

**[[1a3k]], [[1kjl]], [[2nmn]] – hGAL-3 CRD + BGAL

**[[2nmo]] - hGAL-3 CRD + glucose + BGAL

**[[2nn8]], [[3aye]], [[3zsj]] - hGAL-3 CRD + lactose

**[[1kjr ]]– hGAL-3 CRD + acetyllactosamine

**[[2xg3]], [[3t1l]], [[3t1m]] - hGAL-3 CRD + inhibitor

**[[3aya]] - hGAL-3 CRD + antigen

**[[3ayc]], [[3ayd]], [[4jc1]], [[4jck]] - hGAL-3 CRD + polysaccharide

**[[4lbj]], [[4lbk]], [[4lbl]], [[4lbm]], [[4lbn]], [[4lbo]] - hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glycosphingolipid

*Galectin-4

**[[1x50]] – hGAL-4 CRD – NMR

**[[2dyc]] – mGAL-4 CRD – mouse

**[[3i8t]] – mGAL-4 + lactose

*Galectin-7

**[[1bkz]], [[3zxf]] – hGAL-7

**[[4gal]] – hGAL-7 + lactose

**[[2gal]] - hGAL-7 + BGAL

**[[3gal]] – hGAL-7 + galactosamine

**[[5gal]] – hGAL-7 + acetyllactosamine

**[[3zxe]] - hGAL-7 + inhibitor

*Galectin-8

**[[2yro]] – hGAL-8 CRD – NMR

**[[3ap5]], [[3apb]], [[3ap9]], [[3vkn]] - hGAL-8 CRD

**[[3ap4]], [[3ap6]], [[3vkl]] - hGAL-8 CRD + lactose

**[[3ap7]], [[3vkm]] - hGAL-8 CRD + sialyllactose

**[[3ap8]], [[3vko]] - hGAL-8 CRD + polysaccharide

**[[4gxl]], [[4han]] - hGAL-8 CRD + NDP52 peptide

**[[4fqz]] – hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glucose + BGAL

**[[2yv8]] – hGAL-8 N terminal

**[[3ojb]] - hGAL-8 C terminal

**[[2yxs]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + lactose

**[[2yy1]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + acetyllactosamine

*Galectin-9

**[[2d6k]], [[2d6l]] – mGAL-9 CRD

**[[2d6m]] – mGAL-9 CRD + lactose

**[[2d6n]], [[2d6o]]– mGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine

**[[2d6p]] – mGAL-9 CRD + antigen

**[[3lsd]] – hGAL-9 N terminal

**[[3nv1]] – hGAL-9 CRD

**[[3lse]] – hGAL-9 N terminal + lactose

**[[2eak]] - hGAL-9 CRD + lactose

**[[3nv4]] - hGAL-9 CRD + sialyllactose

**[[2zhk]], [[2zhl]], [[2zhm]], [[2zhn]], [[3nv2]] - hGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine

**[[3nv3]] - hGAL-9 CRD + polysaccharide

**[[2eal]] - mGAL-9 CRD + pentasaccharide

*Galectin-10

**[[1bkz]] – hGAL-10 + mannose

**[[1hdk]] – hGAL-10 + PCMBS

*Galectin

== References ==

**[[1ww4]] – AcGAL + NEUACA2-3-lacose – ''Agrocybe cylindracea''

**[[1ww5]], [[1ww6]] – AcGAL + lactose derivative

**[[1ww7]] – AcGAL

**[[4agg]], [[4agr]], [[4agv]] – GAL - ''Cinachyrella''

**[[4hl0]] – GAL – ''Toxascaris leonina''

}}

~~</StructureSection>~~

[[Category:Topic Page]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<StructureSection load='1hlc' size='400' side='right' caption='Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose (PDB entry [[1hlc]])' scene=''>
+<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose, mercaptoethanol and sulfate  (PDB entry [[1w6o]])' scene='51/516488/Cv/1'>
+__TOC__
+== Function ==
-'''Galectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind β-galactosidase (BGAL).  GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD).  GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation.  The CRD is a beta-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide.<br />
+'''Galectin''' or '''galactoside-binding soluble lectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind β-galactosidase (BGAL).  GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) residues 113-250<ref>PMID:8063692</ref>.  <br />
 * GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.<br />
 * GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract.<br />
 * GAL-3 has broad biological functionality.<br />
 * GAL-4 has 2 CRDs.<br />
+* GAL-5 is found in rat is a β-galactoside binding lectin<ref>PMID:19903899</ref>.<br />
 * GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells.<br />
-* GAL-8 has a role in cellular defence against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage.<br />
+* GAL-8 has a role in cellular defense against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage.<br />
 * GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival. <br />
-* GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.
+* GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.<br />
+* GAL-13 is a placental protein which does not bind β-galactosides.<br />
-==3D structures of galectin==
+== Relevance ==
-Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
+GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation<ref>PMID:20146714</ref>.  GAL-3 has a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and melanoma methastasis<ref>PMID:22418727</ref>.
-{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
-*Galectin-1
+== Structural highlights ==
-**[[1slt]], [[1sla]], [[1slb]], [[1slc]] – GAL-1 + BGAL – bovine<br />
+The CRD is a β-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide.  A <scene name='51/516488/Cv/4'>lactose ligand is bound at the concave face of the β-sheet</scene><ref>PMID:15476813</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
-**[[1hlc]] – hGAL-1 + lactose – human<br />
-**[[3w58]], [[3w59]] – hGAL-1<br />
-**[[2km2]] – hGAL-1 -NMR<BR />
-**[[1w6n]], [[1w6q]] - hGAL-1 (mutant) <br />
-**[[1w6o]], [[2zkn]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + lactose<br />
-**[[1w6p]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + acetyl lactosamine<br />
-**[[1gzw]] – hGAL-1 + BGAL<br />
-**[[1w6m]] – hGAL(mutant)  + BGAL<br />
-**[[3oy8]] – hGAL-1 + lactobionic acid<br />
-**[[3oyw]] - hGAL-1 + thio-digalactoside<br />
-**[[3t2t]] – hGAL-1 + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1gan]] – tGAL-1 + BGAL – toad<br />
-**[[1a78]] – tGAL-1 + thio-digalactose<br />
-**[[3m2m]], [[4ga9]] - GAL-1 + lactose – rat
-*Galectin-2
+==3D structures of galectin==
+[[Galectin 3D structures]]
-**[[1ul9]] – CchGAL-2 – ''Coprinopsis cinerea''<br />
+</StructureSection>
-**[[2ymz]] – GAL-2 – chicken<br />
-**[[1ulc]] – CcGAL-2 + lactose<br />
-**[[1ulg]] - CcGAL-2 + BGAL<br />
-**[[1uld]], [[2wkk]] – CcGAL-2 + BGAL + fucose<br />
-**[[1ule]], [[1ulf]] – CcGAL-2 + polysaccharide
-*Galectin-3
-**[[3zsk]], [[3zsl]], [[3zsm]] – hGAL-3 CRD<br />
-**[[1a3k]], [[1kjl]], [[2nmn]] – hGAL-3 CRD + BGAL<br />
-**[[2nmo]] - hGAL-3 CRD + glucose + BGAL<br />
-**[[2nn8]], [[3aye]], [[3zsj]] - hGAL-3 CRD + lactose<br />
-**[[1kjr ]]– hGAL-3 CRD  + acetyllactosamine<br />
-**[[2xg3]], [[3t1l]], [[3t1m]] - hGAL-3 CRD + inhibitor<br />
-**[[3aya]] - hGAL-3 CRD + antigen<br />
-**[[3ayc]], [[3ayd]], [[4jc1]], [[4jck]] - hGAL-3 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
-**[[4lbj]], [[4lbk]], [[4lbl]], [[4lbm]], [[4lbn]], [[4lbo]] - hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glycosphingolipid<br />
-*Galectin-4
-**[[1x50]] – hGAL-4 CRD – NMR<BR />
-**[[2dyc]] – mGAL-4 CRD – mouse<br />
-**[[3i8t]] – mGAL-4 + lactose<br />
-*Galectin-7
-**[[1bkz]], [[3zxf]] – hGAL-7<br />
-**[[4gal]] – hGAL-7 + lactose<br />
-**[[2gal]] - hGAL-7 + BGAL<br />
-**[[3gal]] – hGAL-7 + galactosamine<br />
-**[[5gal]] – hGAL-7 + acetyllactosamine<br />
-**[[3zxe]] - hGAL-7 + inhibitor<br />
-*Galectin-8
-**[[2yro]] – hGAL-8 CRD – NMR<BR />
-**[[3ap5]], [[3apb]], [[3ap9]], [[3vkn]] - hGAL-8 CRD<br />
-**[[3ap4]], [[3ap6]], [[3vkl]] - hGAL-8 CRD + lactose<br />
-**[[3ap7]], [[3vkm]] - hGAL-8 CRD + sialyllactose<br />
-**[[3ap8]], [[3vko]] - hGAL-8 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
-**[[4gxl]], [[4han]] - hGAL-8 CRD + NDP52 peptide<br />
-**[[4fqz]] – hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glucose + BGAL<br />
-**[[2yv8]] – hGAL-8 N terminal<br />
-**[[3ojb]] - hGAL-8 C terminal<br />
-**[[2yxs]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + lactose<br />
-**[[2yy1]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + acetyllactosamine<br />
-*Galectin-9
-**[[2d6k]], [[2d6l]] – mGAL-9 CRD<br />
-**[[2d6m]] – mGAL-9 CRD + lactose<br />
-**[[2d6n]], [[2d6o]]– mGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
-**[[2d6p]] – mGAL-9 CRD + antigen<br />
-**[[3lsd]] – hGAL-9 N terminal<br />
-**[[3nv1]] – hGAL-9 CRD<br />
-**[[3lse]] – hGAL-9 N terminal + lactose<br />
-**[[2eak]] - hGAL-9 CRD + lactose<br />
-**[[3nv4]] - hGAL-9 CRD + sialyllactose<br />
-**[[2zhk]], [[2zhl]], [[2zhm]], [[2zhn]], [[3nv2]] - hGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
-**[[3nv3]] - hGAL-9 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
-**[[2eal]] - mGAL-9 CRD + pentasaccharide
-*Galectin-10
-**[[1bkz]] – hGAL-10 + mannose<br />
-**[[1hdk]] – hGAL-10 + PCMBS
-*Galectin
+== References ==
+<references/>
-**[[1ww4]] – AcGAL + NEUACA2-3-lacose – ''Agrocybe cylindracea''<br />
-**[[1ww5]], [[1ww6]] – AcGAL + lactose derivative<br />
-**[[1ww7]] – AcGAL<br />
-**[[4agg]], [[4agr]], [[4agv]] – GAL - ''Cinachyrella''<br />
-**[[4hl0]] – GAL – ''Toxascaris leonina''<br />
-}}
-</StructureSection>
 [[Category:Topic Page]]

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