Sandbox Reserved 995: Difference between revisions

(10 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)

Line 1:

=Protein Phosphatase 2A=

__NOTOC__=Protein Phosphatase 2A=

Protein ~~Phosphatase~~ 2A is a ~~catalytic protein that is~~ involved in many biological pathways. ~~In this article~~, ~~we will discuss it's~~ function ~~in Huntington's Disease~~. PP2A is a three subunit holoenzyme that ~~interacts with CAG (cytosine~~-~~adenine~~-~~guanine) levels~~ in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin/ huntingtin gene] ~~which codes for~~ the ~~amino acid glutamine.~~ PP2A ~~upregulates this protein sequence by an unclear mechanism. An upward excess of 35 or more CAG repeating units is~~ the ~~cause~~ of ~~the neurodegenerative disorder referred to as Huntington's Disease~~. ~~<ref>PMID: 19748341</ref>~~

Protein Phosphatases are general class of enzymes that are responsible for dephosphorylating other molecules or proteins. A kinase enzyme could attach a phosphate group while the phosphatases could remove the group. The process of phosphorylation occurs in many metabolic processes and are one of the most common post transcriptional modifications. Protein phosphatases typically use three different amino acids to phosphorylate a protein. The three most common are serine, threonine and tyrosine. Protein phosphatase 2A uses serine and threonine to phosphorylate a compound. Protein Phosphatases are involved in many biological pathways. This is due to the fact that they have broad substrate specificity. Protein phosphatases are involved in process such as cell-cycle regulation, cell growth and cell development. Protein phosphatases are also involved in signal transduction and can be involved with the phosphorylation of signal proteins such as Raf and MEK.

<ref>Bradford D. "Protein Phosphatases." Current opinions in structural biology (1995): 728-734.</ref> The function and mechanisms of protein phosphatase is unclear to the present date. PP2A is a three subunit holoenzyme that features a HEAT repeat, '''H'''untington-'''e'''longation-'''A''' subunit-'''T'''OR, which is also found in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin/ huntingtin gene]. The following sections will discuss the PP2A enzyme and the importance of understanding HEAT repeats.

Line 12:

Line 13:

== HEAT Repeat Motif ==

PP2A belongs in the HEAT Repeat Motif or ~~Huntington~~-~~elongation~~-A subunit-~~TOR~~. The main backbone of PP2A is 15 repeating units or <scene name='69/691537/Heat/1'>HEAT units</scene>, each composed of a conserved 39-residue sequence.The HEAT Motif has a signature sequence of conserved residues asparagine at position 19 and arginine at position 25. Each HEAT unit consists of a pair of antiparallel alpha-helices. These antiparallel helices assemble in a L-shaped fashion resulting in an overall shape of a double layer of alpha helices. These HEAT units are responsible for a majority of the overall protein packing and structure by interactions of the ridges of each HEAT unit. <ref>PMID: 9989501</ref>

PP2A belongs in the HEAT Repeat Motif or '''H'''untington-'''e'''longation-'''A''' subunit-'''T'''OR. The main backbone of PP2A is 15 repeating units or <scene name='69/691537/Heat/1'>HEAT units</scene>, each composed of a conserved 39-residue sequence.The HEAT Motif has a signature sequence of conserved residues asparagine at position 19 and arginine at position 25. Each HEAT unit consists of a pair of antiparallel alpha-helices. These antiparallel helices assemble in a L-shaped fashion resulting in an overall shape of a double layer of alpha helices. These HEAT units are responsible for a majority of the overall protein packing and structure by interactions of the ridges of each HEAT unit. <ref>PMID: 9989501</ref>

== Huntington's Disease ==

Sandbox Reserved 995: Difference between revisions

Navigation menu

Page actions

Page actions

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Tools

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=Protein Phosphatase 2A=
+__NOTOC__=Protein Phosphatase 2A=
-Protein Phosphatase 2A is a catalytic protein that is involved in many biological pathways. In this article, we will discuss it's function in Huntington's Disease. PP2A is a three subunit holoenzyme that interacts with CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) levels in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin/ huntingtin gene] which codes for the amino acid glutamine. PP2A upregulates this protein sequence by an unclear mechanism. An upward excess of 35 or more CAG repeating units is the cause of the neurodegenerative disorder referred to as Huntington's Disease. <ref>PMID: 19748341</ref>
+Protein Phosphatases are general class of enzymes that are responsible for dephosphorylating other molecules or proteins.  A kinase enzyme could attach a phosphate group while the phosphatases could remove the group.  The process of phosphorylation occurs in many metabolic processes and are one of the most common post transcriptional modifications.  Protein phosphatases typically use three different amino acids to phosphorylate a protein.  The three most common are serine, threonine and tyrosine.  Protein phosphatase 2A uses serine and threonine to phosphorylate a compound.  Protein Phosphatases are involved in many biological pathways.  This is due to the fact that they have broad substrate specificity.  Protein phosphatases are involved in process such as cell-cycle regulation, cell growth and cell development.  Protein phosphatases are also involved in signal transduction and can be involved with the phosphorylation of signal proteins such as Raf and MEK.
+<ref>Bradford D. "Protein Phosphatases." Current opinions in structural biology (1995): 728-734.</ref> The function and mechanisms of protein phosphatase is unclear to the present date.  PP2A is a three subunit holoenzyme that features a HEAT repeat, '''H'''untington-'''e'''longation-'''A''' subunit-'''T'''OR, which is also found in the  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingtin/ huntingtin gene].  The following sections will discuss the PP2A enzyme and the importance of understanding HEAT repeats.
 <Structure load='2NPP' size='400' frame='true' align='right' caption='Protein Phosphatase 2A' scene='69/691537/Starter/1' />
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 == HEAT Repeat Motif ==
-PP2A belongs in the HEAT Repeat Motif or Huntington-elongation-A subunit-TOR. The main backbone of PP2A is 15 repeating units or <scene name='69/691537/Heat/1'>HEAT units</scene>, each composed of a conserved 39-residue sequence.The HEAT Motif has a signature sequence of conserved residues asparagine at position 19 and arginine at position 25.  Each HEAT unit consists of a pair of antiparallel alpha-helices. These antiparallel helices assemble in a L-shaped fashion resulting in an overall shape of a double layer of alpha helices.  These HEAT units are responsible for a majority of the overall protein packing and structure by interactions of the ridges of each HEAT unit. <ref>PMID: 9989501</ref>
+PP2A belongs in the HEAT Repeat Motif or '''H'''untington-'''e'''longation-'''A''' subunit-'''T'''OR. The main backbone of PP2A is 15 repeating units or <scene name='69/691537/Heat/1'>HEAT units</scene>, each composed of a conserved 39-residue sequence.The HEAT Motif has a signature sequence of conserved residues asparagine at position 19 and arginine at position 25.  Each HEAT unit consists of a pair of antiparallel alpha-helices. These antiparallel helices assemble in a L-shaped fashion resulting in an overall shape of a double layer of alpha helices.  These HEAT units are responsible for a majority of the overall protein packing and structure by interactions of the ridges of each HEAT unit. <ref>PMID: 9989501</ref>
 == Huntington's Disease ==