Caffeine: Difference between revisions
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== The Effect of Caffeine (Trimethylxanthine) on Human A2A Receptor == | == The Effect of Caffeine (Trimethylxanthine) on Human A2A Receptor == | ||
<StructureSection load='3RFM' size='340' side='right' caption='Caffeine Bound to A2A Receptor' scene=''> | <StructureSection load='3RFM' size='340' side='right' caption='Caffeine Bound to A2A Receptor (PDB code [[3rfm]])' scene=''> | ||
Caffeine is a stimulant that helps temporarily increase alertness as well as energy. It is found in several plants; most commonly in the plant leaves and seeds. It can also be artificially created and added. Within the human body, Caffeine can affect the CNS for up to 6 hours. It binds to Adenosine receptors and inhibits their effects allowing for more attentiveness (Xu and Stevens, 2011). | Caffeine is a stimulant that helps temporarily increase alertness as well as energy. It is found in several plants; most commonly in the plant leaves and seeds. It can also be artificially created and added. Within the human body, Caffeine can affect the CNS for up to 6 hours. It binds to Adenosine receptors and inhibits their effects allowing for more attentiveness (Xu and Stevens, 2011). | ||
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Adenosine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which promotes sleep and inhibits arousal. It has two components; an adenine nucleotide and a ribose sugar (Figure 1). Adenosine is a polar molecule and is water soluble. Within the brain, concentration of this neuromodulator increases every hour. Adenosine binds intracellularly to G-protein and induces multiple effects. As adenosine receptors bind G-protein, neural activity begins to decrease and the person feels fatigued and sleepy. A2A receptor is one of many adenosine G protein-coupled receptors (Huang ''et al'' 2014). | Adenosine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which promotes sleep and inhibits arousal. It has two components; an adenine nucleotide and a ribose sugar (Figure 1). Adenosine is a polar molecule and is water soluble. Within the brain, concentration of this neuromodulator increases every hour. Adenosine binds intracellularly to G-protein and induces multiple effects. As adenosine receptors bind G-protein, neural activity begins to decrease and the person feels fatigued and sleepy. A2A receptor is one of many adenosine G protein-coupled receptors (Huang ''et al'' 2014). | ||
<scene name='71/716555/Antagonist_binding/ | |||
<scene name='71/716555/Antagonist_binding/4'>A2A Receptor with Adenosine bound</scene> | |||
== Four Different Adenosine Receptors == | == Four Different Adenosine Receptors == | ||
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cAMP levels increase when adenosine is bound and are not effected when caffeine is bound. ERK1 and ERK2 are kinases, which modify serine and threonine, of the GMGC group that regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and if adenosine was bound, this cascade of events would occur, but when Trimethylxanthine is bound, this regulation does not occur (Xu and Stevens, 2011). | cAMP levels increase when adenosine is bound and are not effected when caffeine is bound. ERK1 and ERK2 are kinases, which modify serine and threonine, of the GMGC group that regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and if adenosine was bound, this cascade of events would occur, but when Trimethylxanthine is bound, this regulation does not occur (Xu and Stevens, 2011). | ||
<scene name='71/716555/Caffeine_binding/ | <scene name='71/716555/Caffeine_binding/4'>A2A Receptor with Caffeine bound</scene> | ||
== Conclusion == | == Conclusion == | ||
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1356551 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1356551 | ||
* [[G protein-coupled receptor]] | |||
*[[Receptor]] | |||
*[[Transmembrane (cell surface) receptors]] | |||
</StructureSection> | </StructureSection> | ||
