Insulin: Difference between revisions
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'''Insulin''' is a peptide [[hormone]] that helps to maintain blood sugar within a healthy range by regulating [[Carbohydrate Metabolism|carbohydrate]] and lipid metabolism throughout the body. It is secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas and acts by binding to [[insulin receptor|insulin receptors]] on other cells. Insulin in its mature form contains two peptide chains connected by [[Cystine|disulfide crosslinks]], and occurs either as monomer or as hexamer. Administering insulin in carefully determined doses at the appropriate times is used in managing [[diabetes]], a chronic condition where the body fails to maintain blood sugar levels by itself. | '''Insulin''' is a peptide [[hormone]] that helps to maintain blood sugar within a healthy range by regulating [[Carbohydrate Metabolism|carbohydrate]] and lipid metabolism throughout the body. It is secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas and acts by binding to [[insulin receptor|insulin receptors]] on other cells. Insulin in its mature form contains two peptide chains connected by [[Cystine|disulfide crosslinks]], and occurs either as monomer or as hexamer. Administering insulin in carefully determined doses at the appropriate times is used in managing [[diabetes]], a chronic condition where the body fails to maintain blood sugar levels by itself. | ||
*'''Proinsulin''' is the insulin precursor which is converted in the pancreas to insulin and C-peptide<ref>PMID:403392</ref>. | |||
*'''Leginsulin''' is an insulin-like peptide found in legumes <ref>PMID:30442953</ref>. | |||
*'''Insulin lispro''' is recombinant insulin which has more rapid absorption than regular insulin<ref>PMID:9339963</ref>. See also [[Insulin lispro]]. | |||
*'''Insulin glargine''' is a long-acting insulin <ref>PMID:10730548</ref>. See also [[Insulin glargine]]. | |||
*'''Insulin detemir''' is a long-acting analog used for patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes <ref>PMID:23110609</ref>. | |||
*'''Insulin desB30''' is an insulin with B chain lacking residue 30 (The) <ref>PMID:31039402</ref>. | |||
==Other Proteopedia pages about or relating to insulin== | ==Other Proteopedia pages about or relating to insulin== | ||
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[[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]<br> | [[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]<br> | ||
[[Insulin (Hebrew)]]<br> | [[Insulin (Hebrew)]]<br> | ||
[[Insulin | [[Insulin aspart]]<br> | ||
[[Insulin_mo-or-sl|Insulin and pro-insulin (Hebrew)]]<br> | [[Insulin_mo-or-sl|Insulin and pro-insulin (Hebrew)]]<br> | ||
[[Insulin-Degrading Enzyme]]<br> | [[Insulin-Degrading Enzyme]]<br> | ||
[[Molecular_Playground/Insulin]]<br> | [[Molecular_Playground/Insulin]]<br> | ||
[[Insulin Structure & Function]]<br> | [[Insulin Structure & Function]]<br> | ||
[[Insulin signal transduction pathway]]<br> | |||
'''Proteins that interact with insulin''' | '''Proteins that interact with insulin''' | ||
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== Structure == | == Structure == | ||
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='82/821037/Ribbon/1' caption=''> | |||
===Structure of mature insulin monomer=== | ===Structure of mature insulin monomer=== | ||
Mature insulin (<scene name='82/821037/Ribbon/1'>reload initial figure</scene>) contains two chains, A <jmol> | Mature insulin (<scene name='82/821037/Ribbon/1'>reload initial figure</scene>) contains two chains, A <jmol> | ||
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</jmolLink> | </jmolLink> | ||
</jmol>, structural elements that are far apart in the unliganded conformation. Thus, binding of insulin in site 1 requires a large structural rearrangement that activates the tyrosine kinase activity of the endodomain by bringing the two kinase domains close for autophosphorylation. | </jmol>, structural elements that are far apart in the unliganded conformation. Thus, binding of insulin in site 1 requires a large structural rearrangement that activates the tyrosine kinase activity of the endodomain by bringing the two kinase domains close for autophosphorylation. | ||
</StructureSection> | </StructureSection> | ||
