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== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2llo]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus_laevis Xenopus laevis]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2LLO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2LLO FirstGlance]. <br>
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2llo]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus_laevis Xenopus laevis]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2LLO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2LLO FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CA:CALCIUM+ION'>CA</scene></td></tr>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CA:CALCIUM+ION'>CA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2llo FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2llo OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2llo PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2llo RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2llo PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2llo ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2llo FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2llo OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2llo PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2llo RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2llo PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2llo ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
== Function ==
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CALM1_XENLA CALM1_XENLA] Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CALM1_XENLA CALM1_XENLA] Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases.
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) regulates expression of target genes implicated in development, metabolism, and breast cancer. Calcium-dependent regulation of ER-alpha is critical for activating gene expression and is controlled by calmodulin (CaM). Here, we present the NMR structures for the two lobes of CaM each bound to a localized region of ER-alpha (residues 287-305). A model of the complete CaM.ER-alpha complex was constructed by combining these two structures with additional data. The two lobes of CaM both compete for binding at the same site on ER-alpha (residues 292, 296, 299, 302, and 303), which explains why full-length CaM binds two molecules of ER-alpha in a 1:2 complex and stabilizes ER-alpha dimerization. Exposed glutamate residues in CaM (Glu(11), Glu(14), Glu(84), and Glu(87)) form salt bridges with key lysine residues in ER-alpha (Lys(299), Lys(302), and Lys(303)), which are likely to prevent ubiquitination at these sites and inhibit degradation of ER-alpha. Mutants of ER-alpha at the CaM-binding site (W292A and K299A) weaken binding to CaM, and I298E/K299D disrupts estrogen-induced transcription. CaM facilitates dimerization of ER-alpha in the absence of estrogen, and stimulation of ER-alpha by either Ca(2+) and/or estrogen may serve to regulate transcription in a combinatorial fashion.
Structural basis for Ca2+-induced activation and dimerization of estrogen receptor alpha by calmodulin.,Zhang Y, Li Z, Sacks DB, Ames JB J Biol Chem. 2012 Mar 16;287(12):9336-44. Epub 2012 Jan 23. PMID:22275375<ref>PMID:22275375</ref>
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2llo" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Calmodulin 3D structures|Calmodulin 3D structures]]
*[[Calmodulin 3D structures|Calmodulin 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
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